ADVANCED ELECTRONICS

NEW COURSE EVALUATION

T&L STRATEGIES ASSESSMENT CLO & PLO MAPPING %

Open book Test

10
(1 hour)
Lecture Open Book Exam
CLO1 vs PLO2
40
(2 hours)
Lab Report
Practical (min: 3 exp) CLO2 vs PLO3 25
Done
Lecture
Assignment
& CLO3 vs PLO9 25
(Group)
Practical
Total 100
 COURSE SYNOPSIS

The course covers the advanced

topics in electronics. The content of
the course includes advanced circuit
theory, alternating current circuit
analyses, principles of measurement,
instrumentation and sensors.
 COURSE SYNOPSIS

Part 1: Circuit theory

Nodal Analysis & Mesh Current Analysis,
Superposition theorem, Thevenin theorem,
Norton theorem, Maximum power transfer, RLC
circuits (series & parallel) and transformers

Part 2: Instrumentation & Measurements

Principles of measurements and
instrumentations, instrument types,
transducer, sensors and actuators.
 PART 1a (Circuit Theory) W1 to W5

Nodal Current Analysis W1

Kirchoff Laws
(KCL & KVL)
Mesh Current Analysis W2
Superposition theorem, Source
transformation, Thevenin theorem & W3&W4
Norton theorem

Maximum Power Transfer W5

DONE
 PART 1b ( RLC ) during PKP

Series & Parallel RC & RL Circuits W6 & W7

Series & Parallel RLC Circuits W8 & W9

Resonance W10
 Capacitors & RC Circuits
(Reactance and Impedance :– Capacitive)
 PART 1b - RLC

Reactance and Impedance -- Capacitive W6

Reactance and Impedance -- Inductive

RLC Series and Parallel Circuits

 Reactance and Impedance
 Resonance
PASIVE COMPONENTS

RESISTOR (R)
CAPACITOR (C)
INDUCTOR (L)
 Capacitor (C)
 a passive two-terminal electrical component used to
store energy electrostatically in an electric field.

 The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all

contain at least two conductive plates separated by
a dielectric (insulator)
Capacitor

Unit: farad (F)

Type of capacitor
Electrolytic Capacitors

• has polarity.
• highest capacitance values.
• used for low-frequency
circuits where it works as a
ripple filter. Max voltage
value

Electron flow
direction

shorter lead

longer lead
Tantalum Capacitors

• a type of electrolytic capacitor.

• the electrodes is made of

tantalum.
Mica Capacitors

• one of the most expensive

capacitors.

• very safe for high voltage

circuits, high frequency filters
and resonance circuits.
Ceramic capacitor

• constructed with materials

such as titanium acid barium
used as the dielectric.

• eg. printed with 104, so

10 x 104pF or 0.1 µF.
Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor

• multilayer ceramic capacitor

has a many-layered dielectric.
Polyester Film Capacitor

• uses thin polyester film as

the dielectric.

• not high tolerance, but

they are cheap
Polypropylene Capacitor

• Polypropylene film is used for

the dielectric.
• higher tolerance than
polyester capacitors
Plastic Capacitors

• high withstand-current performance

• Used for automotive components

such as HID lamp, ECU for engine
control which is required to offer
high reliability, and smoothing
capacitor for hybrid car, DC/DC
capacitor.
Variable capacitors

• mostly used in radio tuning

circuits

• Trimmer capacitors are miniature

variable capacitors.
Passive Components (R, L & C)
in AC Circuits
 Purely Resistive Circuit

 Resistor – Resistors regulate, impede or set the

flow of current through a particular path or impose
a voltage reduction in an electrical circuit as a
result of this current flow.

 Resistors have a form of impedance which is

simply termed resistance, ( R ) with the resistive
value of a resistor being measured in Ohms, Ω.

 Resistors can be of either a fixed value or a

variable value (potentiometers).
For an AC resistive circuit,

 a resistance behaves in exactly the same

way as it does in a DC circuit.
 the current flowing through the resistance is
proportional to the voltage across it.
 the current and voltage are in-phase.
 the power at any instant can be found by
multiplying the voltage by the current.
 the rms values can be used to find the
equivalent DC power or heating effect.
Purely Resistive Circuit

no phase different
between I and V
 Passive Components in AC Circuits

 The three main passive components used in any

circuit are the: Resistor, the Capacitor and
the Inductor.

 All three of these passive components have one

thing in common, they limit the flow of electrical
current through a circuit but in very different ways.

 If the circuit contains reactive components, the

voltage and current waveforms will be “out-of-
phase” by some amount determined by the circuits
phase angle.
 Passive components ( L & C ) consume electrical
energy and therefore can not increase or amplify the
power of any electrical signals applied to them.

 Capacitors and inductors have a different type of AC

resistance known as reactance, ( XL , XC ).

 Reactance is the nonresistive component of

impedance in an AC circuit, arising from the effect of
inductance or capacitance or both and causing the
current to be out of phase with the electromotive
force causing it.
 Reactance also impedes the flow of current, but
the amount of reactance is not a fixed quantity for
one inductor or capacitor.

 The reactance value of an inductor or a capacitor

depends upon the frequency of the supply
current as well as on the DC value of the
component itself.

 No power losses are associated with capacitors

and pure inductors in an AC circuit.
Purely Capacitive
Circuit
 Purely Capacitive Circuit

 Capacitor – The capacitor is a component which

has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the
form of an electrical charge like a small battery.

 The capacitance value of a capacitor is measured

in Farads, F.

 At DC a capacitor has infinite (open-circuit)

impedance, ( XC ) while at very high frequencies a
capacitor has zero impedance (short-circuit).
I-V relationship for a Capacitor
 I-V relationship for a purely capacitive circuit

 Capacitors do not behave the same as resistors.

 Whereas resistors allow a flow of electrons through them

directly proportional to the voltage drop, capacitors
oppose changes in voltage by drawing or supplying current
as they charge or discharge to the new voltage level.

 The flow of electrons “through” a capacitor is directly

proportional to the rate of change of voltage across the
capacitor.
 I-V relationship for a purely capacitive circuit

 As the supply voltage increases and decreases, the capacitor

charges and discharges with respect to this change.

 This charging current can be defined as: i = CdV/dt.

 Once the capacitor is “fully-charged” the capacitor blocks the

flow of any more electrons onto its plates as they have become
saturated.

 However, if we apply an alternating current or AC supply, the

capacitor will alternately charge and discharge at a rate
determined by the frequency of the supply.
 1st order

USING TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITY,

we can write
 the charging current is directly proportional to the rate of
change of the voltage across the plates
(i = CdV/dt )
i = CdV/dt
 Capacitive Reactance

Find the rms current flowing in an AC capacitive

circuit when a 4uF capacitor is connected across
a 880V, 50Hz supply.
 I-V relationship for a Capacitor

 The relationship between the phasor current

and phasor voltage at the terminals of a
capacitor
i=Cdv/dt
then

V=Io(1/jωC)
 The above equation denotes that the equivalent
circuit for the capacitor in the phasor domain.

 The voltage across the terminals of a capacitor

lags behind the current by exactly 90⁰.

 This relationship is given by

V = Io/ωC∠(θi−90)
Impedance and Reactance
V = IR for resistive load circuit
V = IZ for complex load circuit
Z is known as Impedance

Circuit Element Impedance (Z) Reactance (X)

Resistor R --

Capacitor j(−1/ωC) −1/ωC

Reactance and Impedance – Capacitive
Purely Capacitive Circuit
 Series AC Circuits
 Passive components in AC circuits can be
connected together in series combinations to
form RC, RL and LC circuits as shown.

If we connect a R in series with C

 Electrical current can flow through a circuit in
either of two ways.

 Although they present an impedance within a

circuit, passive components in AC circuits behave
very differently to those in DC circuits.
THE END