Sometimes when you are simplifying a resistor network, you get stuck.

Some resistor networks cannot

be simplified using the usual series and parallel combinations. This situation can often be handled by
trying the 'Delta-Wye' transformation.

The names Delta and Wye come from the shape of the schematics, which resemble letters. The
transformation allows you to replace three resistors in a Delta configuration by three resistors in a Y
configuration, and the other way around.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/electrical-engineering/ee-circuit-analysis-topic/ee-resistor-
circuits/a/ee-delta-wye-resistor-
networks#:~:text=The%20Delta%2DWye%20transformation%20is,resistor%20network%2C%20you%20g
et%20stuck
https://youtu.be/h9coEnV6J_E?list=PLy8CVak7-Br6atMM75FWTjb9zDSzIEi16
Superposition Theorem states that in any linear, active, bilateral network having more than one
across any element is the sum of the responses obtained from each source considered separately and
replaced by their internal resistance.
It also states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic s
across (or current through) that element due to each independent source acting alone.
Remember when applying superposition theorem:
1. We consider one independent source at a time while all other independent sources are turned off. T
replace every voltage source by 0 V ( or a short circuit ) and every current source by 0 A ( or an open
obtain a simpler and more manageable circuit.

2. Dependent sources are left intact because they are controlled by circuit variables.

STEPS TO APPLY SUPERPOSITION PRINCIP

1. Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find the output (voltage or current) due
using circuit analysis techniques like KVL, KCL, voltage or current divider, nodal analysis, m
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due to the independen
Thevenin’s theorem is an analytical method used to change a complex circuit into a simple equivalent
circuit consisting of a single resistance in series with a source voltage

It also states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a
voltage source V_TH in series with a resistor R_TH, where V_TH is the open-circuit voltage at the
terminals and R_TH is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent sources
are turned off.

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_7.html

As far as the load resistor RL is concerned, any complex “one-port” network consisting of multiple
resistive circuit elements and energy sources can be replaced by one single equivalent resistance Rs and
one single equivalent voltage Vs. Rs is the source resistance value looking back into the circuit and Vs is
the open-circuit voltage at the terminals.
2.2 Superposition

• Superposition theorem states that in any linear, active, bilateral network

having more than one source, the response across any element is the sum of
the responses obtained from each source considered separately and all other
sources are replaced by their internal resistance.
 • STEPS TO APPLY SUPERPOSITION
PRINCIPLE
1. Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find the
output (voltage or current) due to that active source using circuit
analysis techniques like KVL, KCL, voltage or current divider, nodal
analysis, mesh analysis, etc.
2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources.
3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the
contributions due to the independent sources.

2.3 Thevenin's and Norton's Theorem

• Thevenin’s theorem is an analytical method used to change a complex

circuit into a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single resistance in
series with a source voltage
• Norton's theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by
an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source I(N,) in parallel with a
resistor Rn, where In is the short-circuit current through the terminals and Rn,
is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent
sources are turned off.
3.1 Capacitors and Inductors

The capacitor is another example of a passive element just like resistors. It has many uses. It is defined
as two conducting plates separated by an insulator and it's an element that stores energy in its electric
field.

https://www.electronicshub.org/applications-of-capacitors/#Filter_Applications

The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected capacitors is the sum of the

individual capacitances.
Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 + ... + Cn
An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in its magnetic field.
Inductors find numerous applications in electronic and power systems. They are used in
power supplies, transformers, radios, TVs, radars, and electric motors. Any conductor of
electric current has inductive properties and may be regarded as an inductor. But in
order to enhance the inductive effect, a practical inductor is usually formed into a
cylindrical coil with many turns of conducting wire. An inductor consists of a coil of
conducting wire.
https://youtu.be/VfzUVYgF8-A?list=PLy8CVak7-Br6atMM75FWTjb9zDSzIEi16

This video discusses the concepts of capacitors. Basically, a capacitor is a passive

electronic component that stores electric charge. It resists the change in voltage with
respect to time. we have different types of capacitors depending on the applications. We
give the different formulas that will be used when analyzing circuits involving capacitors
such as charge, capacitance, voltage, current, power, energy, etc. We will also state the
important characteristics of capacitors where we can apply in every circuit. Finally, we
solve examples of computations involving capacitors.
https://youtu.be/_b2fzfgKHvk?list=PLy8CVak7-Br6atMM75FWTjb9zDSzIEi16

This video discusses the concepts and formula used when analyzing circuits with series and
parallel capacitors. The same concepts are applied for series capacitors that are current is
constant and the total voltage is the sum of each voltage drop across each capacitor while the
total capacitance is the reciprocal of the sum of reciprocal of each capacitance. Likewise for
parallel capacitors, the voltage is constant while the total current is the sum of each branch
current for each capacitor and the total capacitance is the sum of the individual capacitance.
The current-voltage relationship formula is also applicable as well as the charging formula for
capacitors. We solve different examples on how to analyze series-parallel capacitor circuits.
https://youtu.be/Kw3vnXXtf2Y?list=PLy8CVak7-Br6atMM75FWTjb9zDSzIEi16

This video discusses the concepts of inductors. Basically, an inductor is a passive electronic
component that stores energy through current in its magnetic field. It resists the change in
current with respect to time. we have different types of inductors depending on the applications.
We give the different formulas that will be used when analyzing circuits involving inductors such
as inductance, voltage, current, power, energy, etc. We will also state the important
characteristics of inductors where we can apply in every circuit. Finally, we solve examples of
computations involving inductors.
https://youtu.be/taetkzyTb2I?list=PLy8CVak7-Br6atMM75FWTjb9zDSzIEi16

This video discusses the concepts and formula used when analyzing circuits with series and
parallel inductors. The same concepts are applied for series inductors that are current is
constant and the total voltage is the sum of each voltage drop across each inductor while the
total inductance is the sum of individual inductances. Likewise for parallel inductors, the voltage
is constant while the total current is the sum of each branch current for each inductor and the
total inductance is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocal of individual inductances. The
current-voltage relationship formula is also applicable. We solve different examples of how to
analyze series-parallel inductor circuits.
🥇Module 4 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

This module aims to give the essential knowledge and apply it in a circuit. The intended learning
outcomes are as follows:

• to define electrical transients

• to analyze and solve problems in electrical transients in RL and RC DC circuits.
• create circuits using Multisim simulator.
The topics involve the wye-delta transformation, superposition theorem, Thevenin's and
Norton's theorem,
4.1 Transients Fundamentals
When a circuit is to be switched on, it will not directly attain its steady state response but instead
passes through a transition period wherein the currents or voltages adjust themselves to their
steady state response. This transition period is called the transient period.
Electrical transients are momentary bursts of energy induced upon power, data, or
communication lines. They are characterized by extremely high voltages that drive tremendous
amounts of current into an electrical circuit for a few millionths, up to a few thousandths, of a
second. Large transients on the power system originating outside of a facility are best initially
diverted at the service entrance of a facility. Transients generated within the premises are best
diverted by SPDs located close to the internal source of the transients or close to the electronic
load equipment if this is not possible. Best results are obtained if both locations are protected
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/electrical-engineering/ee-circuit-analysis-topic/ee-resistor-
circuits/a/ee-delta-wye-resistor-
networks#:~:text=The%20Delta%2DWye%20transformation%20is,resistor%20network%2C%20you%20g
et%20stuck

https://youtu.be/KPOQ-cdGbjQ

4.2 First Order Circuit: RL and RC