FUNDAMENTAL OF

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

TOPIC 1 : BASIC CONCEPTS

OF ELECTRICITY
 Objectives

 After this lesson, you should be able

to:
1) Determine Current, Voltage & Power
2) Define Ohm’s Law
3) Determine Resistance/Conductance
4) Calculate Resistance in Series and
Parallel
 Electricity
 A Basic electrical System:
Transmission (Conducts energy from the source to the load)
system •Utilization of P/A

Source Control Load

•Battery •R/L/C •Absorb the electrical energy
•Generator •Circuit •Electrical machinery
analysis
 Current

Things that flows on a wire or

conductor like water flowing down
a river
Flows from high voltage to points
of low voltage on the surface of a
conductor
Measured in (A) amperes or amps
 Current
 An electrical current exists when charge,
q(t), is transferred from one point to
another in the conductor

dq Q
i (t )  (varying current) I (steady current)
dt t
i (t )  current in ampere( A) (The flow is uniform)
Q(t )  ch arg e in Coulombs
t  time in sec onds ( s )
 Voltage

Difference in electrical potential

between two points in a circuit
The push or pressure behind
current flow through a circuit
Measured in (V) volts
 Power

Amount of current times the

voltage level at a given point
Measured in (W) wattage or watts
 Power

dw
p(t)  (varying power)
dt
W
P (fixed power)
t
Energy,
w(t)  p( ) d (non - constant power)
W  pt (constant power)
 Ohm’s Law

Simple relationship exists between

current, voltage and resistance in
electrical circuits
The current in a circuit is directly
proportional to applied voltage
Inversely proportional to amount
of resistance
 Ohm’s Law
V
R ()
I
R  the resistance in ohms ()
V  the voltage drop in volts (V )
I  the current passed in amperes ( A)
+
IR

VR
Ohm’s Law
Resistance and Conductance
L

L
R
A
A
L  lenght of the wire
A  cross  surface area
  resistivity(constant)
•Thephysical definition of resistance is in terms of the
material physical size and its resistivity.
Resistance and Conductance

Resistance determines how much

current will flow through a
component
Resistors are used to control
voltage and current levels
Low resistance allows a large
amount of current to flow
Measured in ohms
Resistors Combinations

Rnet = R1 + R2 + R3

1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

 Resistors Combinations

In Series
RS = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...

In Parallel
1 / RP = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3 + ...
 Objectives
 Define the capacitor
 Describe how capacitor works
 Determine 5 types of capacitors and
their applications
 Determine total capacitance in series
and parallel
 What is capacitor?
 two parallel metal
plates separated by
an insulator called
Q dielectric
 capacitor acts as a
V charge store

plates
 What is capacitor?
1. Device for the storage of
electric charge
2. A dielectric is a material
that is a good insulator
(incapable of passing
electrical current), but is
capable of passing
electrical fields of force. 
How it works?
 negative polarity
– larger number of
electrons.
 positive polarity
– The opposite plate
 When a capacitor is
charged, energy is
stored in the dielectric
material in the form of
an electrostatic field.
 Types of capacitor
 Multilayer ceramic capacitors
 Polystyrene film capacitors
 Ceramic capacitors
 Electrolytic capacitors
 Variable capacitors
Multilayer ceramic Capacitor

 has a many-layered
dielectric
 small in size, and have
good temperature and
frequency characteristics
 used to bypass the high
frequency to ground
Polystyrene Film capacitor
 polystyrene film is used
as the dielectric
 not for use in high
frequency circuits
 used well in filter circuits
or timing circuits which
run at several hundred
KHz or less
Ceramic capacitor
 constructed with materials
such as titanium acid
barium used as the
dielectric
 can be used in high
frequency applications
 used in circuits which
bypass high frequency
signals to ground
 has the shape of a disk
Electrolytic capacitors
 have polarity: +ve and
-ve electrode
 very important which way
round they are connected
 1µF to thousands of µF
 used as a ripple filter in a
power supply circuit, or as a
filter to bypass low
frequency signals, etc.
Variable capacitors
 Used for adjustment of
frequency

 used for radio tuners

 Applications
 Capacitors are used to store
charge for high-speed use.
Eg: electronic flash on a
camera.
 Capacitors can also eliminate
ripples. If a line carrying DC
Flash capacitor from a voltage has ripples or spikes in
point-and-shoot camera it, a big capacitor can even out
the voltage by absorbing the
peaks and filling in the
valleys.
 A capacitor can block DC
voltage.
 Summary
1. Capacitor is a device for the storage of electric
charge.
2. When a capacitor is charged, energy is stored
in the dielectric material in the form of an
electrostatic field.

3. Capacitor is used to store charge for high-

speed use, eliminate ripples and block DC
voltage.
 Summary
CAPACITORS

DEFINITION TYPES APPLICATIONS

 Homework
 Tantalum capacitors
Find the
characteristic
 Electric Double Layer
and application of capacitors
these capacitors  Polyester film capacitors
 Polypropylene
capacitors
 Mica capacitors
 Metallized Polyester
Film capacitors
Capacitors in Series and
Parallel
Capacitors in Series

1 / CS = 1 / C1 + 1 / C2 + 1 / C3 + ...

Capacitors in series
Capacitors in Parallel

CP = C1 + C2 + C3 + ...

Capacitors in parallel
 SUMMARY
p(t )  i(t)v(t) (voltage/current varying in time)
P  IV (voltage/current not varying in time)
Power Dissipatio n :
P  IV
P  power dissipated in watts (W)
I  current through the resistor (A)
V  voltage across the resistor (V)
P  I R  V / R (Ohm' s Law)
2 2
 SUMMARY
 Electricity
 Current
 Voltage
 Power
 Ohm’s Law
 Resistance
 Conductance
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
 REFERENCES

 Charles K. Alexander and Matthew

N.O. Sadiku, “Fundamental of Electric
Circuit,” 2000, McGraw-Hill
 Edward Huges, “Electrical
Technology,” 8th Edition, Prentice Hall
 Muhammad H. Rashid, “Power
Electronics,” 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall