ITT 05203 - ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER

REPAIR
Assignment two

Question:
Explain in details with example on the following:
i. Current
Current is the rate at which an electric charge flows in a conductor. It is
the number of electrons passing a given point in a second. This means
that if more electrons pass by a given point, the current is greater.
The symbol for current is the letter “I”. Electrical current is measured in
Amperes or "amps".

ii. Power
power is the rate of doing work or of transferring heat, i.e. the
amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. In the
International System of Units, the unit of power is the watt, equal
to one joule per second.

The standard unit is the watt, symbolized by W. In utility circuits,

the kilowatt (kW) is often specified instead;1 kW = 1000 W.

One watt is the power resulting from an energy dissipation,

conversion, or storage process equivalent to one joule per second.
When expressed in watts, power is sometimes called wattage. The
wattage in a direct current (DC) circuit is equal to the product of
the voltage in volts and the current in amperes. This rule also
holds for low-frequency alternating current (AC) circuits in which
energy is neither stored nor released. At high AC frequencies, in
which energy is stored and released (as well as dissipated or
converted), the expression for power is more complex.
iii. Resistance
Resistance is the opposition that a substance offers to the flow of
electric current. It is represented by the letter R.
The resistance is measured in units of ohms (Ω).

Resistance calculation with ohm's law

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 R is the resistance of the resistor in ohms (Ω).

V is the voltage drop on the resistor in volts (V).

I is the current of the resistor in amperes (A)

Specific resistance or resistivity (ρ): It is the resistance offered by a

material or solution occupying one cm3 volume.

It is measured in: ohm. m in S.I unit

iv. Conductance
Conductance is an expression of the ease with which electric
current flows through a substance.

conductance is symbolized by the uppercase letter G.

The standard unit of conductance is the siemens (abbreviated S),

formerly known as the mho.

It is measured in ohm-1 = mho = Siemens.

specific conductance or conductivity (κ): It is the conductance of a

material or solution between two electrodes of cross sectional area 1 cm2
and separated by 1 cm distance.
It is measured in
Siemens. m-1  (S.I system)

v. Capacitance
Capacitance is the ability of a component or circuit to collect and
store energy in the form of an electrical charge.

Capacitance is expressed as the ratio of the electric charge on each

conductor to the potential difference
The capacitance value of a capacitor is measured in farads (F)
vi. Inductance

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 Inductance. A current generated in a conductor by a changing
magnetic field is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic
field. This effect is called INDUCTANCE and is given the symbol L.
It is measured in units called the henry (H) named after the
American Physicist Joseph Henry (1797-1878)

The purpose of Inductors,

They are used to block AC while allowing DC to pass; inductors
designed for this purpose are called chokes. They are also used in
electronic filters to separate signals of different frequencies, and in
combination with capacitors to make tuned circuits, used to tune
radio and TV receivers.

Examples
Problem 1: Compute the equivalent resistance if inductors of 5H,
2H and 7 H are linked in series?
Soln:

Known: L1 = 5H, L2 = 2H, L3 = 7H

The series inductance is articulated as
L = L1 + L2 + L3
= 5H + 2H + 7H = 14 H

vii. Application of Different Electrical Devices

Electrical Device
It is defined as the device which uses the electrical energy for
performing the work.

Some examples of electrical devices include light bulbs, vacuums,

toasters and older technologies such as the electric telegraph and
batteries. Electrical devices are defined as devices that use or
generate electricity and transform it into another form of energy,
such as motion, heat or light. The transformations created by
electrical devices are simple in nature and typically serve to do only
one action.

Electrical devices are in a different category than electronic devices.

An electronic device, such as a modern cell phone or mp3 player,
uses complex manipulation of electricity to perform additional
actions by utilizing the electronic current to add audio or visual
information.

Applications of Electronics
1. Consumer Electronics

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 These are electronical devices which are commonly used by
people. Consumer Electronics are devices and equipment
meant for everyday use. This is again categorized as: Office
Gadgets, Audio and Video Systems, Advanced Consumer
Devices, Home appliances and Storage Devices

2. Industrial electronics

Industrial automation and motion control, Machine learning,

motor drive control, Mechatronics and robotics, Power
converting technologies, Photo voltaic systems, Renewable
energy applications, Power electronics, and Biomechanics.

Smart grid systems

Smart electric systems collect information from the
communication technology and react accordingly based on
power consumption. It is an application of intelligence,
computing, and networked electricity systems.

Example: Smart Meters

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 Features of smart grid

 Digital system based on two-way communication

 Interactive Sensors
 Self-monitoring and Debugging
 Valid Distribution of electricity
3. Medical applications

Advanced sophisticated instruments are being developed for

data recording and physiological analysis. They are proven to
be more useful in diagnosing diseases and for healing
purpose.

Some of the medical devices and equipment used are:

 Stethoscope to listen inner sounds happening inside

the human or animal body

 Respiration Monitors for knowing the patient condition

due to change in body temperature, pulse, respiration
and blood flow.

 Defibrillator causes electrical shock to heart muscles

and brings backs the heart to the normal working
condition.

 Glucose meter for measuring sugar levels in the blood.

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 Pace Maker for reducing and increasing the count of the
heart beat

4. Defence and Aerospace

Defence and Aeronautical applications include:

o Missile Launching systems

o Rocket Launchers for space

o Aircraft systems

o Cockpit controllers

o Military Radars
o Boom barrier for military applications

Capacitors
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric
field
There are 4 Types of Capacitors
1. Film Capacitors:

Film Capacitors are the most normally ready of numerous types of

capacitors, comprising of a generally expansive group of capacitors
with the distinction being in their dielectric properties. They are
available in almost any value and voltages as high as 1500 volts.

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They come in any tolerance from 10% to 0.01%. Film capacitors
additionally arrive in a combination of shapes and case styles.
There are two types of film capacitors, radial lead type and axial
lead type. The electrodes of film capacitors may be metalized
aluminium or zinc, applied on one or both sides of the plastic film,
resulting in metalized film capacitors called film capacitors. The
film capacitor is shown in figure below:

film capacitor
2. Ceramic Capacitors:

Ceramic capacitors are used in high frequency circuits such as

audio to RF. They are also the best choice for high frequency
compensation in audio circuits. These capacitors are also called as
disc capacitors. Ceramic capacitors are made by coating two sides
of a small porcelain or ceramic disc with silver and are then
stacked together to make a capacitor. One can make both low
capacitance and high capacitance in ceramic capacitors by
changing the thickness of the ceramic disc used.

3. Electrolytic Capacitors:

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 These are the most prevalently used capacitors which have a wide
tolerance capacity. Electrolytic capacitors are available with
working voltages up to about 500V, although the highest
capacitance values are not available at high voltage and higher
temperature units are available, but uncommon. There are two
types of electrolytic capacitor, tantalum and aluminum in common.

4. Variable Capacitors:

A Variable Capacitor is one whose capacitance may be intentionally

and repeatedly changed mechanically. This type of capacitors
utilized to set frequency of resonance in LC circuits, for instance, to
adjust the radio for impedance matching in antenna tuner devices.

viii. Resistors
A resistor is a passive component in a circuit which provides
resistance to the flow of current.
the types of resistors include:
 Carbon Composition Resistor.
A carbon composition resistor (also known as a carbon resistor) is a very
commonly used resistor. These resistors are low cost and easy to construct.

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Carbon resistors are mainly made of carbon clay composition covered with a
plastic case. The lead of the resistor is made of tinned copper.

 Thermistor.
The word thermistor means a thermal resistor. Its resistance
value changes with the change in the temperature. Most
thermistors have a negative temperature coefficient which
means its resistance will fall down when the temperature
increases. These are normally made of semiconductor
materials. A resistance up to a few megaohms can be
obtained from thermistors.

 Wire Wound Resistor.

In wire wound resistor a wire of manganin or constantan is
wound around a cylinder of insulating material. The
temperature coefficient of resistance of manganin and
constantan is almost zero. So, resistance variation with
temperature of these resistors is negligible. The wounded
wire is covered with an insulating cover such as baked
enamel. This cover of insulating heat resistible material
resists the effect of ambient temperature variation.

 Metal Film Resistor.

The resistor is constructed by means of deposition a thin film
of a conductive material such as pure carbon or metal on to
an insulating core. The desired value of resistance of metal
film resistor or carbon film resistor can easily be obtained by
either trimming the layer of the thickness or by cutting
helical grooves of suitable pitch along its length.

ix. Transformers
A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical
energy from one electrical circuit to another, or multiple circuits.

Transformer Parts and Construction

The three main parts of a transformer:

 Primary Winding of Transformer

 Magnetic Core of Transformer
 Secondary Winding of Transformer

o Primary Winding of Transformer

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 Which produces magnetic flux when it is connected to electrical
source.

o Magnetic Core of Transformer

The magnetic flux produced by the primary winding, that will pass
through this low reluctance path linked with secondary winding
and create a closed magnetic circuit.

o Secondary Winding of Transformer

The flux, produced by primary winding, passes through the
core, will link with the secondary winding. This winding also
wounds on the same core and gives the desired output of the
transformer.
xi. Inductor
The inductor is the simplest of all electronic components, constructed much
like a resistor
Symbols for Inductors
Like many other electronic components, the symbol for an inductor is a
simplified pictogram of what it actually looks like:

Types of inductor
1. AIR CORE INDUCTORS

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 this kind of inductor has no core – the core material is air! Since air
has a relatively low permeability, the inductance of air core inductors
is quite low – rarely above 5uH. Since they have a low inductance, the
rate of current rise is quite fast for an applied voltage and that makes
them capable of handling high frequencies. They are mostly used in
RF circuits.

2. IRON CORE INDUCTORS

Iron is perhaps the most of the known magnetic material, which
makes it an ideal choice for inductors. These take the form of iron-
core inductors. They are usually used for low frequency line filtering,
since they can be rather beefy and have large inductances. They are
also used in audio equipment.

3. FERRITE CORE INDUCTORS

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Ferrite is a powder of oxides of iron. This powder is mixed with an
epoxy resin and molded to form cores around which wires can be
wound. Ferrite core inductors are easily the most recognizable
because of their dull grey-black colour. They also are very brittle and
break easily. They are the most widely used kinds of inductors, since
the permeability can be finely controlled by controlling the ratio of
ferrite to epoxy in the mix.

Useful Inductor Formulas

E = ½* L * I2
This is a formula of energy stored by inductor, This is like a
capacitor , but the energy is gone the moment you disconnect the
power and the magnetic field collapses.

Where E is the energy in Joules, L is the inductance in Henries and I

is the current in amps.

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