Delhi Technological

University

LAB REPORT
OF
ANALOG ELECTRONICS
EC 201

Submitted By
Yash Gupta
2K20/EC/241
 INDEX
Medium Used - VLabs & LT Spice Simulation

NAME OF DATE OF DATE OF

S. NO.
EXPERIMENT PERFORMANCE SUBMISSION

(i). Familiarisation
with Resistor

(ii). Familiarisation 01/09/2021

1.
with Capacitor

(iii). Familiarisation
with Inductor

VI Characteristics
2. 08/09/2021
of a Diode

Half Wave
3. 15/09/2021
Rectification

Full Wave
5. 22/09/2021
Rectification

6.
 Experiment - 1
Active And Passive Circuit Elements in Electronic
The two basic types of electrical circuit components are active and passive.
As a result of their ability to electrically control charge flow, active
components provide energy to an electric circuit. Energy can only be received
by a passive component, which it can either dissipate or absorb.

Active Elements
Active components are those which provide energy to the circuit.
The following are common examples of active components
Voltage sources
Current sources
Transistors
Diodes

Voltage Source
A voltage source is a device with two terminals that can maintain a constant
voltage. A perfect voltage source may maintain a constant voltage regardless
of load resistance or output current. A real-world voltage source, on the other
hand, cannot deliver an infinite amount of current. A voltage source is a
current source's inverse. Real-world electrical energy sources, such as
batteries and generators, can be modelled as a combination of an ideal voltage
source and additional impedance factors for study.

Fig : Voltage Source

Current Source
A current source is an electrical circuit that produces or absorbs an electric
current regardless of the voltage applied to it. A current source is a voltage
source's twin.

Fig : Current Source

 Diodes
A diode is an electrical component having two terminals that exclusively
conducts current in one direction (so long as it is operated within a specified
voltage level). If a diode were perfect, it would have zero resistance in one
direction, and infinite resistance in the other.

Fig : Diode

The most common type of diode is a semiconductor diode. A certain

threshold voltage in the forward direction (i.e. the "low resistance" direction)
is required for these diodes to start conducting electricity. It is called that a
diode is "forward biassed" when it conducts electricity this way. "Reverse
biassed" diodes are those that are connected in a circuit in the opposite way
(i.e. the "high resistance" direction).

Fig : Diode Notation

Basic equation
Transistors
Transistors are active circuit components, however they are not as obvious as
a current or voltage source. A signal's power is amplified by transistors.
Transistors are considered as active components because this amplification
controls the passage of charge.

Fig : Physical Characteristics of Terminals

Emitter – This segment is on the left side of the transistor. It is moderately

sized and heavily doped.

Base – This segment is at the center of the transistor. It is thin and lightly
doped.

Collector – This segment is on the right side of the transistor. It is larger than
the emitter and is moderately doped.

Types of Transistors

Transistors come in a variety of shapes and sizes, with each one specialising
in a specific application. However, the following is the major classification of
transistors:
 Passive Elements
Electronic components that can simply accept energy and dissipate, absorb, or
store it in an electric or magnetic field are passive components. Electrical
power is not required for passive parts to function.
Passive devices, as their name implies, do not provide gain or amplification.
Neither passive components nor electrical signals can be amplified nor can
they oscillate or generate an electrical signal.

Passive components include the following examples:

Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Transformers
Resistors
A resistor is an element or component that controls the flow of electricity to
electrical or electronic goods by reducing the electrical current. A resistor is
considered a passive element because it can't contribute any energy to a
circuit, . If there is a current flowing through a resistor, it will only receive
energy that it can dissipate as heat

Types of Resistors

Fixed Resistors
Variable Resistors

Fixed Resistors - The value of resistance is fixed and can't be varied. Few
Examples of fixed resistors are Carbon film, Metal film
Wire wound resistors.

Fig : Fixed Resistor Notation

Variable Resistors - The value of resistance is not fixed and can be varied.
Few Examples of fixed resistors are Potentiometers, Semi fixed resistors,
Completely variable resistors

Fig : Variable Resistor Notation

Reading Resistor Color codes

Fig : Color Code Table

In a circuit diagram, the notation for stating the value of a resistor varies.

The RKM code, which is based on IEC 60062, is a popular scheme. It does
away with the decimal separator in favour of a letter loosely related with SI
prefixes that corresponds to the part's resistance.
For example, 8K2 as part marking code, in a circuit diagram or in a bill of
materials (BOM) indicates a resistor value of 8.2 kΩ. Additional zeros imply
a tighter tolerance, for example, 15M0 for three significant digits. When the
value can be expressed without the need for a prefix (that is, multiplicator 1),
an "R" is used instead of the decimal separator. For example, 1R2 indicates
1.2 Ω, and 18R indicates 18 Ω

Fig : 4 or 5 Band Resistor

Tolerance
Tolerance refers to the percentage of error in a resistor's resistance, or how
far a resistor's actual measured resistance differs from its stated resistance. A
gold tolerance band indicates a 5% tolerance, a silver tolerance band indicates
a 10% tolerance, and no band indicates a 20% tolerance.

Types of Resistors
There are three different kinds of resistors:

Carbon Film Resistors

Metal film Resistors
Wire Wound resistors
Carbon Film Resistors
The most common, low-cost resistor
Resistance value tolerance is typical +/- 5%.
The most common power ratings are 1/8 W, 1/4 W, and 12 W.
Electrically, they have a tendency to be noisy.

Fig : Carbon Film Capacitor

Metal Film Resistor

Used when a higher tolerance, i.e. more value, is required.
They have a tolerance of roughly 0.05 percent.

Fig : Metal Film Capacitor

Wire Wound Resistors

Because wire wound resistors are composed of metal resistance wire, they
may be fabricated to exact specifications.
Also, thick wire material can be used to make high-wattage resistors.
Ceramic resistors are wire wound resistors in ceramic housing.
Ceramic resistors are wire wound resistors in a ceramic housing.

Fig : Wire Wound Capacitor

 Capacitors
A capacitor is a device that consists of two metallic plates separated by a
dielectric to hold an electrical charge for a brief period of time.
As a result of its ability to store energy as an electric field, a capacitor is
viewed as a passive element.

Classification of capacitors
Capacitors can be classified into two groups
Polarized Capacitors - Capacitors with particular positive and negative
polarities are known as polarised capacitors. Few examples Super,
Tantalum.

Un-Polarized Capacitors - A non-polarized capacitor is one that has no

implicit polarity and can be used in either direction in a circuit.Few
examples Polypropylene, Mica.

Fig : Different types of Capacitors

Basic equation

Fig : Conductor Notation

Inductors
When electric current passes through it, an inductor is a passive two-
terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field. An
inductor is typically made up of a coil of insulated wire.

Fig : Inductors
Inductance
The amount of inductance in henries a coil has, is determined by the
following factors -
The number of wire twists coiled around the coil
The coil's cross sectional area
The coil's material composition
The coil's total length

Basic equation & Notation

Fig : Inductor Notation