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INTERNET
OF THINGS
 Table of Contents
WHAT IS IOT
HISTORY OF IOT
IOT OVERVIEW
COMPONENTS OF IOT
HOW IOT WORKS
HOW CAN IOT HELP
STRUCTURE OF IOT
IOT NETWORK OF NETWORKS
KNOWLEDDGE MANAGEMENT
CURRENT STATUS & FUTURE
PROSPECT
SCOPE OF IOT
APPLICATIONS
CHALLENGES AND ITS SOLUTION

CONCLUSION
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WHAT IS IOT ?
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of interrelated,
internet-connected objects that are able to collect and transfer data
over a wireless network without human intervention.
The personal or business possibilities are endless. A ‘thing’ can refer
to a connected medical device, a biochip transponder (think
livestock), a solar panel, a connected automobile with sensors that
alert the driver to a myriad of possible issues (fuel, tire pressure,
needed maintenance, and more) or any object, outfitted with sensors,
that has the ability to gather and transfer data over a network.
Today, businesses are motivated by IoT and the prospects of
increasing revenue, reducing operating costs, and improving
efficiencies. Businesses also are driven by a need for regulatory
compliance. Regardless of the reasons, IoT device deployments
provide the data and insights necessary to streamline workflows,
visualize usage patterns, automate processes, meet compliance
requirements, and compete more effectively in a changing business
environment.
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IOT OVERVIEW

IoT system allow users to achieve

deeper automation, analysis, and
integration within a system. They
improve the reach of these areas and
their accuracy. IoT utilizes existing and
emerging technology for sensing,
networking, and robotics.
IoT exploits recent advances in
software, falling hardware prices, and
modern attitudes towards technology.
Its new and advanced elements bring
major changes in the delivery of
products, goods, and services; and the
social, economic, and political impact of
those changes.
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The Internet of Thing (IoT) is the
network of physical objects or
"things" embedded with electronics,
software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these
objects to collect and exchange data.
IoT allows objects to be sensed and
controlled remotely across existing
network infrastructure, creating
opportunities for more direct
integration between the physical
world and computer-based systems,
and resulting in improved efficiency,
accuracy and economic benefit.

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 History of IoT
The concept of connected devices itself dates back to 1832 when
the first electromagnetic telegraph was designed. The telegraph
enabled direct communication between two machines through
the transfer of electrical signals. However, the true IoT history
started with the invention of the internet—a very essential
component—in the late 1960s, which then developed rapidly
over the next decades.

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 The 1980s

This might be hard to believe, but the first connected device was
a Coca-Cola vending machine situated at the Carnegie Melon
University and operated by local programmers. They integrated
micro-switches into the machine and used an early form of the
internet to see if the cooling device was keeping the drinks cold
enough and if there were available Coke cans. This invention
fostered further studies in the field and the development of
interconnected machines all over the world.

COCA COLA Vending Machine

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 The 1990s

In 1990, John Romkey connected a toaster to the internet for the

very first time with a TCP/IP protocol. One year later, University of
Cambridge scientists came up with the idea to use the first web
camera prototype to monitor the amount of coffee available in their
local computer lab’s coffee pot. They programmed the webcam to
take pictures of the coffee pot three times per minute, then send the
images to local computers, thus allowing everyone to see if there
was coffee available.

The year 1999 was easily one of the most significant for the IoT
history, as Kevin Ashton coined the term “the internet of things.” A
visionary technologist, Ashton was giving a presentation for Procter
& Gamble where he described IoT as a technology that connected
several devices with the help of RFID tags for supply chain
management. He specifically used the word “internet” in the title of
his presentation in order to draw the audience’s attention since the TOASTER CONNECTED TO INTERNET
internet was just becoming a big deal that time. While his idea of
RFID-based device connectivity differs from today’s IP based IoT,
Ashton’s breakthrough played an essential role in the internet of
things history and technologicalSample
Tuesday, February 2, 20XX
development
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overall. 9
 The 2000s

At the beginning of the 21st century, the term “internet of things”

came into widespread use by the media, with outlets like The
Guardian, Forbes, and the Boston Globe making mention of it.
Interest in the IoT technology was steadily increasing, which led to
the 1st International Conference on the Internet of Things held in
Switzerland in 2008, where participants from 23 countries discussed
RFID, short-range wireless communications, and sensor networks.
Moreover, several major developments fostered the IoT evolution.
One was a refrigerator connected to the internet that was introduced
by LG Electronics in 2000, allowing its users to shop online and
make video calls. Another essential development was a small rabbit-
shaped robot named Nabaztag created in 2005 that was capable of
telling the latest news, weather forecast, and stock market changes.
Even back then the number of interconnected devices surpassed that
of people on Earth, according to Cisco. NABAZTAG ROBOT

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 The 2010s

The IoT boom was supported by its addition to the Gartner Hype
Cycle for emerging technologies in 2011.

In the same year, IPv6—a network layer protocol that is central to

IoT—was launched publicly . Since then, interconnected devices
have become widespread and commonplace in our everyday lives.
Global tech giants like Apple, Samsung, Google, Cisco, and
General Motors are focusing their efforts on the production of IoT
sensors and devices—from interconnected thermostats and smart
glasses to self-driving cars. IoT has found its way into almost every
industry: manufacturing, healthcare, transportation, oil & energy,
agriculture, retail, and many more. This dramatic shift has us
convinced that the IoT revolution is right here, right now.

As of today, IoT platforms maintain a strong hold on their position I IOT Sensors and Devices used in SELF DRIVING Cars
among the top trends in this year’s Gartner Hype Cycle, along with
virtual assistants, connected homes, and level 4 self-driving cars.
The technology will reach its plateau of productivity in 5–10 years.

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 Components of IoT
Smart Systems and Internet of Things
are

driven by a combination of :

1) Sensors

2) Connectivity

3) People & Processes

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HOW COMPONENTS WORK TOGETHER

An IoT system consists of sensors/devices which “talk” to the cloud through some kind of connectivity. Once the
data gets to the cloud, software processes it and then might decide to perform an action, such as sending an alert
or automatically adjusting the sensors/devices without the need for the user.

But if user input is needed or if the user simply wants to check in on the system, a user interface allows them to
do so. Any adjustments or actions that the user makes are then sent in the opposite direction through the system:
from the user interface, to the cloud, and back to the sensors/devices to make some kind of change.

That’s how an IoT system works at a high level. Now we’ll take a deeper dive into each of these components to
explain what they are, how they work, and important considerations for your organization as you consider
building and/or implementing IoT solutions

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 HOW IOT WORKS ?
• Internet of Things is not the result of a single novel These capabilities include:
technology; instead, several complementary technical
developments provide capabilities that taken together help  Communication and cooperation
to bridge the gap between the virtual and physical world.
 Addressability

 Identification

 Sensing

 Actuation

 Embedded information processing

 Localization

 User interfaces

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 RFID
RFID SENSOR SMART NANO TECH
TECH

To To collect To enhance To make the

identify and process power of smaller and
and track the data to the network smaller
the data detect the by devolving things have
of things changes in processing the ability to
the physical capabilities to connect and
status of different part interact.
thing of network.

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 HOW CAN IOT HELP ?
 IoT platforms can help
organizations reduce cost through
improved process efficiency, asset
utilization and productivity.

 The growth and convergence of

data, processes and things on the
internet would make such
connections more relevant and
important, creating more
opportunities for people,
businesses and industries.

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 The Structure of IoT
The IoT can be viewed as a gigantic network consisting of networks of devices and computers connected through a
series of intermediate technologies where numerous technologies like RFIDs, wireless connections may act as
enablers of this connectivity.

 Tagging Things : Real-time item traceability and addressability by RFIDs.

 Feeling Things : Sensors act as primary devices to collect data from the environment.

 Shrinking Things : Miniaturization and Nanotechnology has provoked the ability of smaller things to interact
and connect within the “things” or “smart devices.”
 Thinking Things : Embedded intelligence in devices through sensors has formed the network connection to the
Internet. It can make the “things” realizing the intelligent control.

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 IoT as a Network of Networks

These networks connected with added security, analytics, and management capabilities. This will allow IoT
to become even more powerful in what it can help people achieve.

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 Knowledge Management –
Turning Data into Wisdom

The more data that is created, the better understanding and wisdom people can obtain .

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CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE
PROSPECT OF IOT
60

50

40
Billion 

30

20

10

0
2003 2010 2015 2020

0.08 1.84 3.47 6.58

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 POTENTIAL OF IOT
IOT will change the bases of competition and drive
new business models for user and supplier companies.
The Internet of Things will enable – and in some cases
force – new business models. For example, with the
ability to monitor machines that are in use at customer
sites, makers of industrial equipment can shift from
selling capital goods to selling their products as
services. Sensor data will tell the manufacturer how
much the machinery is used, enabling the
manufacturer to charge by usage. Service and
maintenance could be bundled into the hourly rate, or
all services could be provided under an annual
contract. The service might also include periodic
upgrades (software downloads, for example).
Performance from the machinery can inform the
design of new models and help the manufacturer
cross-sell additional products and services. This “as-a-
service” approach can give the supplier a more
intimate tie with customers that competitors would
find difficult to disrupt.” 21
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 What is the scope of IoT ?
Internet of Things can connect devices embedded in
various systems to the internet. When devices/objects can
represent themselves digitally, they can be controlled from
anywhere. The connectivity then helps us capture more
data from more places, ensuring more ways of increasing
efficiency.

IoT is a transformational force that can help companies

improve performance through IoT analytics and IoT
Security to deliver better results. Businesses in the
utilities, oil & gas, insurance, manufacturing,
transportation, infrastructure and retail sectors can reap
the benefits of IoT by making more informed decisions,
aided by the torrent of interactional and transactional
data at their disposal.
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 Applications of IoT
The applications of IoT technologies are multiple, because it is adjustable to almost any technology that is
capable of providing relevant information about its own operation, about the performance of an activity and
even about the environmental conditions that we need to monitor and control at a distance.
Nowadays, many companies from different sectors or sectors are adopting this technology to simplify,
improve, automate and control different processes. Next, we show some of the surprising practical
applications of the IoT

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Wearables
Virtual glasses, fitness bands to monitor for
example calorie expenditure and heart beats, or GPS
tracking belts, are just some examples
of wearable devices that we have been using for
some time now. Companies such as Google, Apple,
Samsung and others have developed and introduced
the Internet of Things and the application thereof
into our daily lives.

These are small and energy efficient devices, which

are equipped with sensors, with the necessary
hardware for measurements and readings, and with
software to collect and organize data and
information about user

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Health
The use of wearables or sensors connected to
patients, allows doctors to monitor a patient's
condition outside the hospital and in real-time.
Through continuously monitoring certain metrics
and automatic alerts on their vital signs, the Internet
of Things helps to improve the care for patients and
the prevention of lethal events in high-risk patients.

Another use is the integration of IoT technology into

hospital beds, giving way to smart beds, equipped
with special sensors to observe vital signs, blood
pressure, oximeter and body temperature, among
others.

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Traffic monitoring
The Internet of things can be very useful in the
management of vehicular traffic in large cities,
contributing to the concept of smart cities.

When we use our mobile phones as sensors, which

collect and share data from our vehicles through
applications such as Waze or Google Maps, we are
using the Internet of Things to inform us and at the
same time contribute to traffic monitoring, showing
the conditions of the different routes, and feeding
and improving the information on the different
routes to the same destination, distance, estimated
time of arrival.

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Fleet management
The installation of sensors in fleet vehicles helps to
establish an effective interconnectivity between the
vehicles and their managers as well as between the
vehicles and their drivers. Both driver and manager/
owner can know all kinds of details about the status,
operation and needs of the vehicle, just by accessing
the software in charge of collecting, processing and
organizing the data. Even, receive alarms in real
time of maintenance incidents without having been
detected by the driver.

The application of the Internet of Things to fleet

management assists with geolocation (and with it
the monitoring of routes and identification of the
most efficient routes), performance analysis,
telemetry control and fuel savings , the reduction of
polluting emissions to the environment and can even
provide valuable information to improve the driving
of vehicles. 28
Agriculture
Smart farms are a fact. The quality of soil is crucial
to produce good crops, and the Internet of Things
offers farmers the possibility to access detailed
knowledge and valuable information of their soil
condition.

Through the implementation of IoT sensors, a

significant amount of data can be obtained on the
state and stages of the soil. Information such as soil
moisture, level of acidity, the presence of certain
nutrients, temperature and many other chemical
characteristics, helps farmers control irrigation,
make water use more efficient, specify the best
times to start sowing, and even discover the
presence of diseases in plants and soil.

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Hospitality
The application of the IoT to the hotel industry
brings with it interesting improvements in the
quality of the service. With the implementation of
electronic keys, which are sent directly to the mobile
devices of each guest, it is possible to automate
various interactions.

Thus, the location of the guests, the sending of offers

or information on activities of interest, the
realization of orders to the room or room service ,
the automatic charge of accounts to the room or the
request of personal hygiene supplies, are activities
that can be easily managed through integrated
applications using the Internet of Things technology.

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Smart Stores
There are no human cashiers, only cameras and
automation technologies to process transactions.
Customers simply scan their smartphone at the
electronic gates in the foyer, pick up the shopping
items they would like and walk back out through the
turnstiles. Amazon’s Go stores, where some human
staff replenish shelves of popular items, while others
check ID in the alcohol aisle and greet newcomers at
the door.

Technologies have replaced human cashiers;

shoppers are automatically billed via the credit card
connected to their Amazon account, detected as they
leave through the gates. Multiple people can shop on
the same person’s account by scanning in the account
holder’s phone again, and in-store cameras recognize
that person as authorized.
AMAZON GO STORE San Francisco, CA, United States

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 Challenges faced by IoT
At present IoT is faced with many challenges, like -

 Scalability

 Security

 Technical requirements

 Technological standardization

 Software complexity

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 Solutions to the challenges
Several solutions are proposed to overcome the problems.

Some of them are -

 Overcoming compatibility issues is a significant IoT hurdle, but emerging

 companies are starting to enable increased interoperability through open-source

 development.

 Governments and industry bodies need to set standards and regulations for the

 various industries to ensure that data is not misused.

 IoT needs strong authentication methods, encrypted data and a platform that can

 track irregularities on a network.

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 CONCLUSION

Having outlined the past, present, and future of

the internet of things, we’ve come to the
conclusion that interconnected technology is
evolving swiftly despite increasing
cybersecurity challenges. IoT solutions are
guaranteed to continue to evolve in the years
ahead, and in turn they will change the way we
live and work for the better.

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THAMK YOU

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