Unit No.

1 Introduction to IoT
 Introduction to IoT, Future of IoT, Applications of IoT,
 Advantages of IoT, Enabling
 Technologies.
 Overview of Internet of Things, building blocks of IoT,
 Characteristics of IoT systems and IoT levels.
 IoT and M2M, IoT design methodology,
 Technology Considerations -IoT Problem Statement,
 IoT – Technology Enablers,
 IoT Technology
 Stack, IoT – Data
 Plan of Presentation
 What is Internet of Things?
 How IoT Works?
 Current Status & Future Prospect of IoT
 Knowledge Management – From Data to Wisdom
 The Future of IoT
 The Potential of IoT
 Few Applications of IoT
 Technological Challenges of IoT
 Criticisms & Controversies of IoT
 References
 What is IoT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical
objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software,
sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these
objects to collect and exchange data.
IoT allows objects to be sensed and controlled
remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating
opportunities for more direct integration between the
physical world and computer-based systems, and resulting
in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit.
 "Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety
of devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip
transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal
waters, automobiles with built-in sensors, DNA analysis
devices for environmental/food/pathogen monitoring or
field operation devices that assist fire-fighters in search
and rescue operations.

These devices collect useful data with the help of

various existing technologies and then autonomously flow
the data between other devices.
 History of IoT
The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular in
1999, through the Auto-ID Center at MIT and related market-
analysis publications.
Old term, probably its first appearance in 1999 by Kevin
Ashton IoT term applied to RFID, supply chain, and the Internet
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) was seen as a
prerequisite for the IoT at that point. If all objects and people in
daily life were equipped with identifiers, computers could manage
and inventory them. Besides using RFID, the tagging of things may
be achieved through such technologies as near field
communication, barcodes, QR codes, bluetooth, and digital
watermarking.
 History of IOT
 1982- Vending machine
 1990-Toaster
 1999-IOT(Kevin Ashton)
 2000-LG Smart Fridge
 2004-Smart Watch
 2007-Smart i phone
 2009-Car Testing
 2011-Smart TV
 2013-Google Lens
 2014-Echo
 2015-Tesla autopilot
 How IoT Works?
Internet of Things is not the result of a single novel
technology; instead, several complementary technical
developments provide capabilities that taken together help
to bridge the gap between the virtual and physical world.
These capabilities include:
 Communication and cooperation
 Addressability
 Identification
 Sensing
 Actuation
 Embedded information processing
 Localization
 User interfaces
 How IoT Works?

RFID Sensor Smart Tech Nano Tech

To identify To collect To enhance To make the

and track and process the power of smaller and
the data the data to the network smaller
of things detect the by devolving things have
changes in processing the ability to
the physical capabilities to connect and
status of different part interact.
things of the
network.
 The Structure of IoT
The IoT can be viewed as a gigantic network
consisting of networks of devices and computers
connected through a series of intermediate technologies
where numerous technologies like RFIDs, wireless
connections may act as enablers of this connectivity.

 Tagging Things : Real-time item traceability and addressability

by RFIDs.
 Feeling Things : Sensors act as primary devices to collect data
from the environment.
 Shrinking Things : Miniaturization and Nanotechnology has
provoked the ability of smaller things to interact and connect
within the “things” or “smart devices.”
 Thinking Things : Embedded intelligence in devices through
sensors has formed the network connection to the Internet. It
can make the “things” realizing the intelligent control.
Current Status & Future Prospect of IoT

“Change is the only thing permanent in this world”

 IoT as a Network of Networks:

These networks connected with added security, analytics, and

management capabilities. This will allow IoT to become even
more powerful in what it can help people achieve.
 Knowledge Management –
Turning Data into Wisdom

The more data that is created, the better understanding and

wisdom people can obtain.
 The Future of IoT

"The Sky's not the limit. It's only the beginning with IoT."
Future Scope of IoT
 Internet of Things has emerged as a leading technology
around the world.
 It has gained a lot of popularity in lesser time.
 Also, the advancements in Artificial Intelligence and
Machine Learning have made the automation of IoT
devices easy.
 Basically, AI and ML programs are combined with IoT
devices to give them proper automation.
 Due to this, IoT has also expanded its area of application in
various sectors.
 Here, in this section, we will discuss the applications and
the future scope of IoT in healthcare, automotive, and
agriculture industries.
 Healthcare
 Reasons for IoT being beneficial in the healthcare industry
are as follows:
 1. Error reduction in treatments
 2. Decrease in the cost of treatments
 3. Availability of specialists in remote locations
Agriculture
 To meet the rising demand for food, the industry has hence
adopted technology to increase productivity
 1. Precision farming
 2. Agricultural drones
 3. Smart greenhouses
Automotive Industry
 IoT devices are programmed in such a way that they assist in
creating an automated system for self-driving cars.
 The Potential of IoT

GE’s estimates on potential of just ONE percent savings

applied using IoT across global industry sectors.
Unlock the Massive potential of IoT
Technology roadmap of IoT
 Applications of IoT

"The Ultimate Goal of IOT is to Automate Human Life."

 Few Applications of IoT
Building and Home automation
Manufacturing
Medical and Healthcare systems
Media
Environmental monitoring
Infrastructure management
Energy management
Transportation
Better quality of life for elderly
... ... ...
You name it, and you will have it in IoT!
Modern Applications
 Smart Grids and energy saving
 Smart cities
 Smart homes/Home automation
 Healthcare
 Earthquake detection
 Radiation detection/hazardous gas detection
 Smartphone detection
 Water flow monitoring
 Traffic monitoring
 Wearables
 Smart door lock protection system
 Robots and Drones
 Healthcare and Hospitals, Telemedicine applications
 Security
 Biochip Transponders (For animals in farms)
 Heart monitoring implants (Example Pacemaker, ECG real time tracking)
 Agriculture
 Industry
 Sensors in even the holy cow!

In the world of IoT, even the cows will be connected

and monitored. Sensors are implanted in the ears of cattle.
This allows farmers to monitor cows’ health and track their
movements, ensuring a healthier, more plentiful supply of
milk and meat for people to consume. On average, each
cow generates about 200 MB of information per year.
 Of course, we know nothing remains static, especially
when it comes to the Internet. Initiatives and advances,
such as Cisco‘s Planetary Skin, GE’s Industrial Internet,
HP‘s central nervous system for the earth (CeNSE), and
smart dust, have the potential to add millions—even
billions—of sensors to the Internet.
As cows, water pipes, people, and even shoes, trees,
and animals become connected to IoT, the world has the
potential to become a better place.
“With a trillion sensors embedded in the
environment—all connected by computing systems,
software, and services—it will be possible to hear the
heartbeat of the Earth, impacting human interaction with
the globe as profoundly as the Internet has revolutionized
communication.” - Peter Hartwell, Senior Researcher, HP
Labs.

“How much more IoT can do is only left to your

imagination”
 Internet of Things is the next stage of the
information revolution and referenced the inter-
connectivity of everything from urban transport to
medical devices to household appliances.
Integration with the Internet implies that devices
will use an IP address as a unique identifier. However,
due to the limited address space of IPv4 (which allows
for 4.3 billion unique addresses), objects in the IoT will
have to use IPv6 to accommodate the extremely large
address space required.
Objects in the IoT will not only be devices with
sensory capabilities, but also provide actuation
capabilities (e.g., bulbs or locks controlled over the
Internet).
 On the other hand, IoT systems could also be
responsible for performing actions, not just sensing
things. Intelligent shopping systems, for example,
could monitor specific users' purchasing habits in a
store by tracking their specific mobile phones. These
users could then be provided with special offers on
their favourite products, or even location of items that
they need, which their fridge has automatically
conveyed to the phone.

Additional examples of sensing and actuating are

reflected in applications that deal with heat, electricity
and energy management, as well as cruise-assisting
transportation systems. Other applications that the
Internet of Things can provide is enabling extended
home security features and home automation.
IoT helps you in LIFE LOGGING
 TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES OF IoT
At present IoT is faced with many challenges, such as:
 Scalability
 Technological Standardization
 Inter operability
 Discovery
 Software complexity
 Data volumes and interpretation
 Power Supply
 Interaction and short range communication
 Wireless communication
 Fault tolerance
Advantages of IoT
 Improved efficiency and automation of tasks.
 Increased convenience and accessibility of
information.
 Better monitoring and control of devices and systems.
 Greater ability to gather and analyze data.
 Improved decision-making.
 Cost savings.
Advantages of IoT
The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business.
Here is a list of some of the advantages that IoT has to offer −
 Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from blind-spots
and significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive.
IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and more effective engagement
with audiences.
 Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data which improve
the customer experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent
improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and
field data.
 Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics
give us superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to
more effective management of resources.
 Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from its
limitations and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and
places it exactly where humans really want to go to analyze our world. It allows
an accurate picture of everything.
Disadvantages of IoT
 Security concerns and potential for hacking or data breaches.
 Privacy issues related to the collection and use of personal data.
 Dependence on technology and potential for system failures.
 Limited standardization and interoperability among devices.
 Complexity and increased maintenance requirements.
 High initial investment costs.
 Limited battery life on some devices.
 Concerns about job displacement due to automation.
 Limited regulation and legal framework for IoT, which can lead
to confusion and uncertainty.
Disadvantages of IoT
Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a
significant set of challenges. Here is a list of some its major issues −
 Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices
communicating over networks. The system offers little control despite
any security measures. This leaves users exposed to various kinds of
attackers.
 Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal
data in extreme detail without the user's active participation.
 Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design,
deployment, and maintenance given their use of multiple
technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies.
 Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT
system to integrate easily with another. They worry about finding
themselves with several conflicting or locked systems.
 Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business,
must comply with regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of
compliance seem incredibly challenging when many consider
standard software compliance a battle.
Enabling technologies for the IOT
 Enabling technologies for the Internet of Things are
considered in and can be grouped into three categories:
 (1) technologies that enable “things” to acquire contextual
information,
 (2) technologies that enable “things” to process contextual
information, and
 (3) technologies to improve security and privacy.
 The first two categories can be jointly understood as
functional building blocks required building
“intelligence” into “things”, which are indeed the features
that differentiate the IoT from the usual Internet.
 The third category is not a functional but rather a de facto
requirement, without which the penetration of the IoT
would be severely reduced.
Enabling technologies for the IOT
 The Internet of Things is not a single technology, but it
is a mixture of different hardware & software
technology.
 The Internet of Things provides solutions based on the
integration of information technology, which refers to
hardware and software used to store, retrieve, and
process data and communications technology which
includes electronic systems used for communication
between individuals or groups.
 Enabling technologies for the IOT
 There is a heterogeneous mix of communication
technologies, which need to be adapted in order to address
the needs of IoT applications such as energy efficiency,
speed, security, and reliability.
 In this context, it is possible that the level of diversity will
be scaled to a number a manageable connectivity
technologies that address the needs of the IoT applications,
are adopted by the market, they have already proved to be
serviceable, supported by a strong technology alliance.
 Examples of standards in these categories include wired
and wireless technologies like Ethernet, WI-FI, Bluetooth,
ZigBee, GSM, and GPRS.
 Criticisms and Controversies of IoT
Scholars and social observers and pessimists have
doubts about the promises of the ubiquitous
computing revolution, in the areas as:

 Privacy
 Security
 Autonomy and Control
 Social control
 Political manipulation
 Design
 Environmental impact
 Influences human moral decision making
Overview of Internet of Things
 IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation,
analysis, and integration within a system.
 They improve the reach of these areas and their accuracy.
 IoT utilizes existing and emerging technology for sensing,
networking, and robotics.
 IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware
prices, and modern attitudes towards technology.
 Its new and advanced elements bring major changes in the
delivery of products, goods, and services; and the social,
economic, and political impact of those changes.
Key Features of Internet of Things
 The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence,
connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and small device use. A brief
review of these features is given below −
•AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it
enhances every aspect of life with the power of data collection,
artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks.
This can mean something as simple as enhancing your
refrigerator and cabinets to detect when milk and your favorite cereal
run low, and to then place an order with your preferred grocer.

•Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking, and

specifically IoT networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively
tied to major providers.
Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while
still being practical. IoT creates these small networks between its
system devices.
Building blocks of Internet of Things
 Five basic building blocks of the IoT system –sensors,
processors, gateways, applications, and database.
Building blocks of Internet of Things
1.Sensors & Actuators:
•The front end of the IoT devices. These are the so-called “Things” of the system.
•The main purpose is to collect data from its surroundings (sensors) or give out
data to its surrounding (actuators).
• Uniquely identifiable devices with a unique IP address so that they can be easily
identifiable over a large network.
•Able to collect real-time data. These can either be autonomous in nature or user-
controlled.
•Examples of sensors are gas sensors, water quality sensors, moisture sensors, etc.

Actuators
•·Both sensors and actuators are transducers, which means they’re responsible for
converting signals from one form to another.
•·Actuators are responsible for performing actions.
• Sensors and actuators work together to remotely monitor and control physical
processes or systems.
• Sensors and actuators are only endpoints that connect physically to the
environment, whereas analysis of the information they collect actions in a control
layer, is referred to as an IoT gateway.
Building blocks of Internet of Things
2. Processors:
• Processors are the brain of the IoT system.
• Processors are primarily real-time devices that can be readily
manipulated by software.
• These are also in charge of data security, which includes data
encryption and decryption.
• The Main function is to process the data captured by the sensors.
• Extract the valuable data from the huge amount of raw data
collected (intelligence to the data).
• Processors mostly work on a real-time basis and are easily controlled
by applications.
• Also responsible for securing the data – perform encryption and
decryption of data.
• Embedded hardware devices, microcontrollers, etc process the data
Building blocks of Internet of Things
Electronic Conversion:
• An analog to digital converter (ADC) on a printed circuit board (PCB)
translates information from the pressure sensor into a format that can be
digitally transmitted.
• Without diving into the details, in this example the pressure sensor
has a signal output of 4 volts which the ADC recognizes as the integer
number 40, which corresponds to a value of 40 psi, which is then
represented in binary form as 101000 (machine language).

Transmission:
• The binary value captured from the sensor is encrypted for security
reasons (or should be) and is sent from the on-site computer network via
the Internet to a remote cloud computing or data center.
• Data transmission most often takes place at regular time intervals
based on the application needs, or sometimes only when there is a
significant change in the sensor’s value.
Building blocks of Internet of Things
3. Gateways:
 Gateway is a device that’s used for the basic analysis of
data coming from connected sensors.
 Gateways are responsible for routing the processed data
and sending it to proper locations for its (data) proper
utilization.
 Work as decision points, sending certain control commands
to actuators which, in turn, perform appropriate actions.
 Gateway helps in to and from the communication of the
data.
 It provides network connectivity to the data.
 Network connectivity is essential for any IoT system to
communicate.
 Lan, wan, pan, etc are examples of network gateways.
 Both microcomputers and microprocessors can be used as
gateways for IoT applications.
Building blocks of Internet of Things
4. Applications:
 Applications are essential for proper utilization of all the
collected data.
 These are cloud-based.
 Responsible for rendering the effective meaning to the data
collected. Applications are controlled by users and are a
delivery point of particular services.
 Examples of applications are home automation apps, security
systems, industrial control hubs, etc.

5. Data Storage:
 After reaching its final destination, the sensor value is
typically stored in a computer database that can easily serve
other systems (hence the name “server”).
 Datastore on the server which may be either local or cloud
and both.
Characteristics of the Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) is characterized by the following key
features that are mentioned below.
1. Connectivity
2. Intelligence and Identity
3. Scalability
4. Dynamic and Self-Adapting (Complexity)
5. Architecture
6. Safety
7. Self Configuring
8. Interoperability
9. Embedded Sensors and Actuators
10. Autonomous operation
11. Data-driven
12. Security
13. Ubiquity : Ubiquity refers to the widespread and pervasive presence
of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and systems in our daily lives.
14. Context Awareness
IoT and M2M

M2M
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) refers to networking of machines(or
devices) for the purpose of remote monitoring and control and data
exchange.

• Term which is often synonymous with IoT is Machine-to-Machine

(M2M).

• IoT and M2M are often used interchangeably.

Fig. Shows the end-to-end architecture of M2M systems comprises of

M2M area networks, communication networks and application fomain
 IoT and M2M
• An M2M area network comprises of machines( or M2M nodes) whiach
have embedded network modules for sensing, actuation and
communicating various communiction protocols can be used for M2M
LAN such as ZigBee, Bluetooth, M-bus, Wireless M-Bus etc., These
protocols provide connectivity between M2M nodes within an M2M
area network.
• The communication network provides connectivity to remote M2M area
networks. The communication network provides connectivity to remote
M2M area network. The communication networkcan use either wired or
wireless network(IP based). While the M2M are networks use either
properietorary or non-IP baed communication protocols, the
communication network uses IP-based network. Since non-IP based
protocols are used within M2M area network, the M2M nodes within
one network cannot communicate with nodes in an externalnetwork.
• To enable the communication between remote M2M are network, M2M
gateways are used.
M2M gateway
• Fig. Shows a block diagram of an M2M gateway.
• The communication between M2M nodes and the M2M gateway is based on the
communication protocols which are naive to the M2M are network.
• M2M gateway performs protocol translations to enable Ip-connectivity for M2M are
networks.
• M2M gateway acts as a proxy performing translations from/to native protocols to/from
Internet Protocol(IP).
• With an M2M gateway, each mode in an M2M area network appears as a virtualized
node for external M2M area networks.
Differences between IoT and M2M
1) Communication Protocols:
• Commonly uses M2M protocols include ZigBee, Bluetooth,
ModBus, M-Bus, WirelessM-Bustec.,
• In IoT uses HTTP, CoAP, WebSocket, MQTT, XMPP, DDS,
AMQPetc.,
2) Machines in M2M Vs Things inIoT:
• Machines in M2M will be homogenous whereas Things in IoT
will be heterogeneous.
3) Hardware Vs SoftwareEmphasis:
• the emphasis of M2M is more on hardware with embedded
modules, the emphasis of IoT is more onsoftware.
4) Data Collection &Analysis
• M2M data is collected in point solutions and often in on-
premises storage infrastructure.
• The data in IoT is collected in the cloud (can be public, private
or hybrid cloud).
 Differences between IoT and M2M
5) Applications
• M2M data is collected in point solutions and can be
accessed by on-premises applications such as
diagnosis applications, service management
applications, and on-premisis enterprise applications.

• IoT data is collected in the cloud and can be accessed

by cloud applications such as analytics applications,
enterprise applications, remote diagnosis and
management applications, etc.
IOT Platforms Design Methodology

It includes:
Purpose & Requirements
Specification
Process Specification
Domain Model Specification
Information Model Specification
Service Specification
Technology Considerations

IoT Level Specifications

Functional view Specification
Operational View
Specification
Device & component
Integration
Application Development
The devices and components used in this example are Raspberry Pi mini computer, LDR
sensor and relay switch actuator.
The application has controls for the mode (auto
on or auto off) and the light (on or off).
In the auto mode, the IoT system controls the
light appliance automatically based on the
lighting conditions in the room.
When auto mode is enabled the light control in
the application is disabled and it reflects the
current state of the light.
When the auto mode is disabled, the light control
is enabled and it is used for manually controlling
the light.
The purpose of the weather monitoring
system is to collect data on environmental
conditions such as temperature, pressure,
humidity and light in an area using multiple
end nodes.
The end nodes send the data to the cloud
where the data is aggregated and analyzed.
 Figure shows the
process specification for
the weather monitoring
system.
 The process
specification shows that
the sensors are read after
fixed intervals and the
sensor measurements
are stored.
 In this domain model the physical entity is the
environment which is being monitored .
There is a virtual entity for the environment.
Devices include temperature sensor, pressure sensor,
humidity sensor, light sensor and single-board mini
computer.
Resources are software components which can
be either on-device or network-resources.
 Services include the controller service that monitors
the temperature , pressure deriving the services from
the process specification and information model for
the weather monitoring system, humidity and light
and sends the readings to the deriving the services
from the process specification and information
model for the weather monitoring system.
• The controller service
runs as a native service
on the device and
monitors temperature,
pressure, humidity and
light once every 15
seconds.
• The controller service
calls the REST service
to store these
measurements in the
cloud.
• The system consists of multiple
nodes placed in different
locations for monitoring
temperature, humidity and
pressure in an area.
• The end nodes are equipped
with various sensors .
• The end nodes send the data to
the cloud and the data is stored
in a cloud database.
• The analysis of data is done in
the cloud to aggregate the data
and make predictions
Mapping deployment level to functional groups for the weather
monitoring system.
 

Mapping functional Groups to operational view specifications for the

weather monitoring system.
 The schematic
diagram of the
weather
monitoring system.
 The devices and
components used in
this example are
Raspberry Pi mini
computer,
temperature sensor,
humidity sensor,
pressure sensor and
LDR sensor.
Technology considerations for IoT
 The 10 most important considerations for IoT solutions:
 IoT Security
 IoT Analytics
 IoT Device (Thing) Management
 Low-Power, Short-Range IoT Networks
 Low-Power, Wide-Area Networks
 IoT Processors
 IoT Operating Systems
 Event Stream Processing
 IoT Platforms
 IoT Standards and Ecosystems
IoT Enablers
 Professionals for superior things
 Practical IoT enabling tools, a vast collection of IoT
enablement recipes and detailed performance data
equip professional installers and designers with the
resources to connect and make smart things.
Who are IoT Enablers?
 System installers, repairers, craftsmen, electricians,
plumbers, architects and do-it-yourselfers who
connect devices and systems to the Internet for
personal use and for commercial and other business
uses.
Why to be a professional IoT Enabler?
 Start or grow your business
You'll start your new business or grow your existing business by
becoming a professional enabler of cyber-physical systems and IoT
applications.

 Create unique experiences for your clients

You'll make available advanced technologies and innovative
solutions enabling your clients to take advantage of them through
time and space.

 Enter the RT network of professionals

You'll participate in refresher courses and competitions for the
award of innovative private and public contracts near you e.g. smart
homes and cities projects.
 References
1. www.google.com

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things

3. Cisco whitepaper, "The Internet of Things" - How the Next

Evolution of the Internet Is Changing Everything, by Dave Evans,
April 2011.

4. GE cloud expo 2014, "Industrial Internet as a Service", by Shyam

Varan Nath, Principal Architect.

5. Dr. Mazlan Abbas, MIMOS Berhad, Wisma IEM, Petaling Jaya

THANK YOU