INTERNET OF THINGS

INTRODUCTION

The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well as gain complete control over their
lives. In addition to offering smart devices to automate homes, IoT is essential to business. IoT provides
businesses with a real-time look into how their systems really work, delivering insights into everything
from the performance of machines to supply chain and logistics operations.

There is a continuous increase in IoT applications in healthcare, and numerous studies have taken place
(Dimitrov, 2016; Kato, et al., 2020; Ramirez, et al., 2016; Risso, et al., 2016; Sun, et al., 2016; Yang, et al.,
2014). The main feature of IoT technology is the recording, monitoring and fast responses of medical
information in patients despite their place and time via real information assessment (Xu, et al., 2018).

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

- Understand the concept of Internet of thing

HISTORY OF INTERENT OF THINGS (IoT)

- The term ‘Internet of Things’ was coined in 1999, but it took another decade for the tech to
catch up with vision.
- Kevin Ashton, co-founder of the Auto-ID Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT), first mentioned the internet of things in a presentation he made to Procter &Gamble
(P&G) in 1999. Wanting to bring radio frequency ID (RFID) to the attention of P&G's senior
management, Ashton called his presentation "Internet of Things" to incorporate the cool new
trend of 1999: the internet. MIT professor Neil Gershenfeld's book, When Things Start to Think,
also appeared in 1999. It didn't use the exact term but provided a clear vision of where IoT was
headed. Some early projects -- including an internet-connected vending machine -- progress was
slow simply because the technology wasn't ready. Chips were too big and bulky and there was
no way for objects to communicate effectively.
- The first internet appliance, for example, was a Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University in
the early 1980s. Using the web, programmers could check the status of the machine and
determine whether there would be a cold drink awaiting them, should they decide to make the
trip to the machine.

WHAT IS INTERNET OF THING (IoT)?

- Internet of Thing also known as The Internet of Everything is a system of connected devices, computers and
digital machines with unique identifiers that transfer data over a network. Smartphones, laptops, wearables,
sensors... they're all part of the Internet of Things as long as they're connected and sharing data. Beyond
that, IoT also includes a with a chip transponder, or a car alerting a driver to low tire pressure. In a business
sense, IoT supports smarter working with more control.
- This is also referring to the billions of devices around the world that are connected to the
internet.
- IoT devices are constantly collecting and sharing data without the involvement of a human
being.
How does IoT work?

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as
processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire from
their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or
other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally. Sometimes,
these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information they get from one
another. The devices do most of the work without human intervention, although people can interact
with the devices -- for instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.

The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-enabled devices
largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.

IoT can also make use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to aid in making data collecting
processes easier and more dynamic.

Examples of Internet of things device?

- A lightbulb that can be switched on using a smartphone app is an IoT device, as is a motion
sensor or a smart thermostat in your office or a connected streetlight. An IoT device could be as
fluffy as a child's toy or as serious as a driverless truck. Some larger objects may themselves be
filled with many smaller IoT components, such as a jet engine that's now filled with thousands of
sensors collecting and transmitting data back to make sure it is operating efficiently. At an even
bigger scale, smart cities projects are filling entire regions with sensors to help us understand
and control the environment. A smartwatch or a fitness band or other wearable device.
INTERNET OF THINGS IN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM

Therefore, integration of IoT technology into vital sign measurement and monitoring can provide a
stable service that reduces workload and improves efficiency by allowing quick responses to patient
health changes. Another implication was in the treatment of pressure ulcers, during which nurses would
constantly assist patients in moving and manually track pressure ulcers signs. This IoT technology may
assist nurses by means of actuators to ensure improved patient safety automatically by using specific
algorithms to correct patient posture if the risk of pressure ulcers is high.
Internet of Things Applications
Smart Home: The smart home is likely the most popular IoT application at the moment because it is the
one that is most affordable and readily available to consumers. From the Amazon Echo to the Nest
Thermostat, there are hundreds of products on the market that users can control with their voices to
make their lives more connected than ever.

Wearables: Watches are no longer just for telling time. The Apple Watch and other smartwatches on
the market have turned our wrists into smartphone holsters by enabling text messaging, phone calls,
and more. And devices such as Fitbit and Jawbone have helped revolutionize the fitness world by giving
people more data about their workouts.

Smart Cities: The IoT has the potential to transform entire cities by solving real problems citizens face
each day. With the proper connections and data, the Internet of Things can solve traffic congestion
issues and reduce noise, crime, and pollution.

Connected Car: These vehicles are equipped with Internet access and can share that access with others,
just like connecting to a wireless network in a home or office. More vehicles are starting to come
equipped with fobs in lieu of physical keys, which use sensors to do everything from remote start and
setting off the alarm to popping the trunk and unlocking the vehicle with smart locks.

Internet of Things Devices & Examples

Amazon Echo and Google Home – Smart Home: AI voice assistants like the Amazon Echo and Google
Home are some of the most popular connected devices in consumer IoT. Users can talk to voice
assistants like Alexa for help performing a variety of functions including playing music, providing a
weather report, getting sports scores, ordering an Uber, and more.

Fitbit Charge 5 – Wearables: The Fitbit Charge 3 tracks your steps, floors climbed, calories burned, and
sleep quality. The device also syncs with computers and smartphones through wifi to transmit your
fitness data in understandable charts to monitor your progress.

Barcelona – Smart Cities: The Spanish city is one of the foremost smart cities in the world after it
implemented several IoT initiatives that have helped enhance smart parking and the environment.

AT&T – Connected Car: AT&T was the first telecom company to open a connected car research and
innovation center.
IoT standards and frameworks
There are several emerging IoT standards, including the following:

IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) is an open standard defined by the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The 6LoWPAN standard enables any low-power radio to
communicate to the internet, including 804.15.4, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Z-Wave (for home
automation).

ZigBee is a low-power, low-data rate wireless network used mainly in industrial settings. ZigBee is based
on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4 standard. The ZigBee Alliance
created Dotdot, the universal language for IoT that enables smart objects to work securely on any
network and understand each other.

LiteOS is a Unix-like operating system (OS) for wireless sensor networks. LiteOS supports smartphones,
wearables, intelligent manufacturing applications, smart homes and the internet of vehicles (IoV). The
OS also serves as a smart device development platform.

OneM2M is a machine-to-machine service layer that can be embedded in software and hardware to
connect devices. The global standardization body, OneM2M, was created to develop reusable standards
to enable IoT applications across different verticals to communicate.

Data Distribution Service (DDS) was developed by the Object Management Group (OMG) and is an IoT
standard for real-time, scalable and high-performance M2M communication.

Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an open source published standard for asynchronous
messaging by wire. AMQP enables encrypted and interoperable messaging between organizations and
applications. The protocol is used in client-server messaging and in IoT device management.

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a protocol designed by the IETF that specifies how low-
power, compute-constrained devices can operate in the internet of things.

Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a protocol for WANs designed to support huge networks,
such as smart cities, with millions of low-power devices.
IoT frameworks include the following:

Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT is a cloud computing platform for IoT released by Amazon. This
framework is designed to enable smart devices to easily connect and securely interact with the AWS
cloud and other connected devices.

Arm Mbed IoT is a platform to develop apps for IoT based on Arm microcontrollers. The goal of the Arm
Mbed IoT platform is to provide a scalable, connected and secure environment for IoT devices by
integrating Mbed tools and services.

Microsoft's Azure IoT Suite is a platform that consists of a set of services that enables users to interact
with and receive data from their IoT devices, as well as perform various operations over data, such as
multidimensional analysis, transformation and aggregation, and visualize those operations in a way
that's suitable for business.

Google's Brillo/Weave is a platform for the rapid implementation of IoT applications. The platform
consists of two main backbones: Brillo, an Android-based OS for the development of embedded low-
power devices, and Weave, an IoT-oriented communication protocol that serves as the communication
language between the device and the cloud.

Calvin is an open source IoT platform released by Ericsson designed for building and managing
distributed applications that enable devices to talk to each other. Calvin includes a development
framework for application developers, as well as a runtime environment for handling the running
application.

What are the pros and cons of IoT?

Some of the advantages of IoT include the following:

 ability to access information from anywhere at any time on any device;

 improved communication between connected electronic devices;
 transferring data packets over a connected network saving time and money; and
 automating tasks helping to improve the quality of a business's services and reducing the need
for human intervention.

Some disadvantages of IoT include the following:

 As the number of connected devices increases and more information is shared between devices,
the potential that a hacker could steal confidential information also increases.
  Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers -- maybe even millions -- of IoT
devices, and collecting and managing the data from all those devices will be challenging.
 If there's a bug in the system, it's likely that every connected device will become corrupted.
 Since there's no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it's difficult for devices from
different manufacturers to communicate with each other.

References:

https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT

https://www.himss.org/resources/nurses-perceptions-application-internet-things-healthcare-services-
indonesia-mixed#:~:text=Many%20nurses%20need%20to%20use,conducted%20to%20address%20this
%20issue.

https://www.insiderintelligence.com/insights/internet-of-things-devices-examples/