IoT & WEB TECHNOLOGY

IoT stands for Internet of Things, which means accessing and controlling daily usable equipments and
devices using Internet.

What is an Internet of Things (IoT)

Let's us look closely at our mobile device which contains GPS Tracking, Mobile Gyroscope, Adaptive
brightness, Voice detection, Face detection etc. These components have their own individual features, but
what about if these all communicate with each other to provide a better environment? For example, the
phone brightness is adjusted based on my GPS location or my direction.

Connecting everyday things embedded with electronics, software, and sensors to internet enabling to
collect and exchange data without human interaction called as the Internet of Things (IoT).

The term "Things" in the Internet of Things refers to anything and everything in day to day life which is
accessed or connected through the internet.

IoT (Internet of Things) is an advanced automation and analytics system which exploits networking,
sensing, big data, and artificial intelligence technology to deliver complete systems for a product or
service. These systems allow greater transparency, control, and performance when applied to any
industry or system.
IoT systems have applications across industries through their unique flexibility and ability to be suitable
in any environment. They enhance data collection, automation, operations, and much more through
smart devices and powerful enabling technology.

Internet of Things (IoT) is System of interconnected devices , mechanical and digital machines , objects ,
animal or people that are provided unique identifiers and ability to transfer data over the network without
requiring human-to-human and human-to-computer interconnection.

The ‘thing’ in IoT could be a person with a heart monitor or an automobile with built-in-sensors, i.e.
objects that have been assigned an IP address and have the ability to collect and transfer data over a
network without manual assistance or intervention.

IoT is an advanced automation and analytics system which deals with artificial intelligence, sensor,
networking, electronic, cloud messaging etc. to deliver complete systems for the product or services. The
system created by IoT has greater transparency, control, and performance.

As we have a platform such as a cloud that contains all the data through which we connect all the things
around us. For example, a house, where we can connect our home appliances such as air conditioner,
light, etc. through each other and all these things are managed at the same platform. Since we have a
platform, we can connect our car, track its fuel meter, speed level, and also track the location of the car.
Ex: If there is a common platform where all these things can connect to each other would be great
because based on my preference, I can set the room temperature. For example, if I love the room
temperature to to be set at 25 or 26-degree Celsius when I reach back home from my office, then
according to my car location, my AC would start before 10 minutes I arrive at home. This can be done
through the Internet of Things (IoT).

History of IOT
In 1999 The IOT gets a name. Father of IOT is Kevin Ashton.

Kevin Ashton coins the term “Internet of Things” and establishes “MIT’s Auto-ID center ”, a global
research networks of academic laboratories focused on RFID an the IOT.

How does Internet of Thing (IoT) Work?

The working of IoT is different for different IoT echo system (architecture). However, the key concept of
there working are similar. The entire working process of IoT starts with the device themselves, such as
smartphones, digital watches, electronic appliances, which securely communicate with the IoT platform.
The platforms collect and analyze the data from all multiple devices and platforms and transfer the most
valuable data with applications to devices.

IoT − Key Features

IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and integration within a system. They
improve the reach of these areas and their accuracy. IoT utilizes existing and emerging technology for
sensing, networking, and robotics.
IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware prices, and modern attitudes towards
technology. Its new and advanced elements bring major changes in the delivery of products, goods, and
services; and the social, economic, and political impact of those changes.
The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active
engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given below −
 AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of life
with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks. This can mean
something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to detect when milk and your
favorite cereal run low, and to then place an order with your preferred grocer.
 Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IoT networking,
mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can exist on a much
smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates these small networks between
its system devices.
 Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments which
transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system capable of real-
world integration.
 Active Engagement − Much of today's interaction with connected technology happens through
passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or service
engagement.
 Small Devices − Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful over
time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and versatility.
 Analyzing: After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to real-time analyzing the data
collected and use them to build effective business intelligence. If we have a good insight into
data gathered from all these things, then we call our system has a smart system.
 Endpoint Management: It is important to be the endpoint management of all the IoT system
otherwise, it makes the complete failure of the system. For example, if a coffee machine itself
order the coffee beans when it goes to end but what happens when it orders the beans from a
retailer and we are not present at home for a few days, it leads to the failure of the IoT system.
So, there must be a need for endpoint management.

IoT − Advantages
The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a list of some of the
advantages that IoT has to offer −
 Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and significant
flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive. IoT completely transforms this to
achieve richer and more effective engagement with audiences.
 Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data which improve the customer
experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improvements to technology. IoT
unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.
 Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us superficial
insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more effective management of
resources.
  Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its design
for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it exactly where humans really want
to go to analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.
 Improve security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are interconnected then we can
make the system more secure and efficient.

Disadvantages of IoT
As the Internet of things facilitates a set of benefits, it also creates a significant set of challenges. Some of
the IoT challenges are given below:

 Security: As the IoT systems are interconnected and communicate over networks. The system
offers little control despite any security measures, and it can be lead the various kinds of network
attacks.
 Privacy: Even without the active participation on the user, the IoT system provides substantial
personal data in maximum detail.
 Complexity: The designing, developing, and maintaining and enabling the large technology to
IoT system is quite complicated.
 Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily with
another. They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or locked systems.
 Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply with
regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when
many consider standard software compliance a battle.

IOT Applications
The IoT applications are addressing the societal needs and the advancements to enabling technologies
such as nano-electronics and cyber-physical systems continue to be challenged by a variety of technical
(i.e., scientific and engineering),institutional, and economical issues.

List of IOT Applications 

 Smart Home Wearable

 Connected Cars
 Smart Transportation
 Smart Industry
 Smart Grid and energy
 Smart Cities
 Smart Agriculture
 Smart Healthcare
Smart Home

Smart Home has become the revolutionary ladder of success in the residential spaces and it is predicted
Smart homes will become as common as  smartphones.

The cost of owning a house is the biggest expense in a homeowner’s life. Smart Home products are
promised to save time, energy and money.

Wearable

Wearable devices are installed with sensors and software which collect data and information about the
users. This data is later pre-processed to extract essential insights about user. These devices broadly cover
fitness, health and entertainment requirements. The pre-requisite from internet of things technology for
wearable applications is to be highly energy efficient or ultra-low power and small sized.

Connected Cars

A connected car is a vehicle which is able to optimise it’s own operation, maintenance as well as comfort
of passengers using on-board sensors and internet connectivity.

Most large auto makers as well as some brave startups are working on connected car solutions.
Major brands like Tesla, BMW, Apple, Google are working on bringing the next revolution in
automobiles. !

Smart Transportation and Mobility

Internet of Vehicles (IoV) connected with the concept of Internet of Energy (IoE) represent future trends
for smart transportation.

IoT technology that includes vehicle monitoring and maintenance, real-time tracking of packages,
environmental sensors in shipping containers, information-gathering on employees and tools, and a
number of safety-enhancing features for vehicles and people.

Smart Industry

Industrial internet of things is empowering industrial engineering with sensors, software and big data analytics to
create brilliant machines. IoT holds great potential for quality control and sustainability. Applications for tracking
goods, real time information exchange about inventory among suppliers and retailers and automated delivery will
increase the supply chain efficiency.

Smart Energy and Smart Grid

The basic idea behind the smart grids is to collect data in an automated fashion and analyse the behaviour
or electricity consumers and suppliers for improving efficiency as well as economics of electricity use.
Smart Grids will also be able to detect sources of power outages more quickly and at individual
household  levels like near by solar panel, making possible distributed energy system.

Smart Agriculture

Farmers are using meaningful insights from the data to yield better return on investment. Sensing for soil
moisture and nutrients, controlling water usage for plant growth and determining custom fertiliser are
some simple uses of IoT.

Smart Healthcare

It can be used for out-patient care by healthcare providers, letting them get ECG, heart rate, respiratory
rate, skin temperature, body posture, fall detection, and activity readings remotely. This can alert doctors
to potential health problems before they arise, or give them additional insights into which treatments will
be most effective for their patients, even when their patients aren’t in the office.

Time for convergence for IoT

 We are in an age of smartphones.

 However they cannot run user-driver applications which are connected to sensors.
 Some application re there ut still do not work properly.
 So, the steps towards IoT will be:
1. The coherence of object capabilities and behavior:

There will be a large number of objects available with sensing and actuation capabilities for
information processing.

2. The coherence of application interactivity:

The applications’ interaction will increase, the complexity will increase and the boundaries
between the applications will be unclear to a high degree.

3. The coherence of corresponding technology approaches:

Development of robotics, smart cities, the future internet will evolve and ultimately merge
with IoT.

4. The coherence of real and virtual world:

Today, the real worlds are seen as two antagonistic conceptions but they will converge with
the help of the IoT in future.
Internet of Things Vision

Network of networks will allow IoT to become even more powerful in what it can help people achieve.

What is the future scope of IoT?

The future of IoT or where and what advancements that we can see in the IoT future or after 25 years.
You can see the top five themes that can be seen in the future of IoT is listed below take a look at it:

People will get addicted to Tech connections

The surveys suggest that the usage of IoT based devices will increase vastly. It will influence the people
over this and the coming decade. There will be some of the magical things that will make the people
addictive to the devices and people can’t resist to leave it. The convenience and benefits will keep the
people attracted to the devices.

In the future, we can even expect that people will choose the connectivity over security. As connecting
with society, friends and new technology with convenience will become more critical. People will even
start keeping all their information data of themselves and their families in these devices, and they start
trading the safety and security for the convenience. The users will begin making all the rational decision
in a stake of their security and safety.

The kids, adults everyone will get addicted, and the house will become a big IoT device. While human
beings will not be able to cope without all these.

Say no to Unplugging!
Unplugging to the internet these days is very difficult by the end of 2025 there will be no term such as
Unplugging. There will be threat alert, distrust and all still people will not be able to disconnect with an
online platform or the digital platform. People will become dependent on the internet.

The surveys even say that:

Businesses will start penalizing the employees in the company who are connected on the internet or those
who disconnect. Remaining active in the digital media and social media will gain rewards. However, full
withdrawal will be very difficult and can be impossible.

We can also hear the stories where it would you can see things like people tried to disconnect but failed to
do so. While you will not be able to detach yourself with all these devices. As you will be surrounded by
all these things and won’t able to avoid it. People will have the illusion of being detached, and it will not
be true.

Increase in Internet participants

There will be people who will try to disconnect to the digital media and Social media. Eventually, as soon
as they try to divide double the people will come and join the Internet platform. It just doubles up but can
never go down. The smart TVs, Smartphones, voice searches will become an essential requirement.

Even the disconnection here means those users are searching for a better option to connect again.
Ultimately, it means the users always double up instead of decreasing.

Risk mitigation and Human ability will make IoT safer

The ingenuity of human beings will make them genuine users, in the same way, the risk mitigation will
decrease. The Internet of Things will become more reliable for users.

However, the race for genuine and security will be high and in need but it is assured that the security level
will increase a lot and will deliver the best results.

All the networked devices will become reliable as the Power grid and make the platform safe from the
wrong actions. However, at points occasionally it will go out- and that will be a disaster because people
will, of course, survive it. There will get a lot of regulatory and technology-based advancements that will
act as remedies and will decrease all the threats.

As the citizens in the countries and people in the whole world will become much more aware of the
Security and safety in the internet platform. This thing will increase pressure in the Government if
something goes wrong. It will automatically make the companies take the pressure and make everything
safe for the users.

A rapid increase in IoT: Increase in risk

Whether the people are connected or not but the chance will stay, with the massive increase in the IoT
devices usage. This may lead to security and liberty issues getting magnified by the IoT devices.

The Threats can turn into gruesome attacks and all the other acts which can be very violent. The physical
attacks are in the public and people can watch it. However, the cyber attacks will be in private and you
will not know who is the attacker but the results are terrible.

With the rise of the IoT and the security, the concern will increase to the liberties by the users. You can
say this will help to know where you are walking and light your way or can grab your sensitive and
personal information. It will become the biggest challenge for the cops, government and the whole world.
Infrastructure and network &communication
Infrastructure
The Internet of Things will become part of the fabric of everyday life. It will become part of our
overall infrastructure just like water, electricity, telephone, TV and most recently the Internet.

1) Plug and Play Integration:

Internet of Things becomes as simple as plugging it in and switching it on. Such plug and play
functionality requires an infrastructure that supports it, starting from the networking level and going
beyond it to the application level.

2) Infrastructure Functionality:

The infrastructure needs to support applications in finding the things required. An application may run
anywhere, including on the things themselves.

3) Semantic Modelling of Things

semantic information regarding the things, the information they can provide or the actuation they can
perform need to be available.(e.g: temperature the sensor measures).

Networks and Communications 

Networks Technology 

Network users will be humans, machines, things and groups of them.

1)Complexity of the Networks of the Future:
the complexity of future networks and the expected growth of complexity due to the growth of Internet of
Things.

2) Growth of Wireless Networks:

Wireless networks especially will grow largely by adding vast amounts of small Internet of Things
devices with minimum hardware, software.

3) Mobile Networks:
The mobile phone of the future could provide mobile function.

4) Expanding Current Networks to Future Networks:

expand current end user network nodes into networks of their own or even a hierarchy of networks.
network of network.

5) Overlay Networks:
In some locations even multiple networks overlaying one another physically and logically.

6) Network Self-organization:
Self-organization principles will be applied to configuration by sensing.

7) IPv6, IoT and Scalability:

The current transition of the global Internet to IPv6 will provide a virtually unlimited number of public IP
addresses able to provide bidirectional and symmetric (true M2M) access to Billions of smart things.

8) Green Networking Technology: GreenTouch

These network technologies have to be appropriate to realist the Internet of Things and the Future Internet
in their most expanded state to be anticipated by the imagination of the experts.

Communication Technology

1)Unfolding the Potential of Communication Technologies:

communication technology to be undertaken in the coming decade will have to develop and unfold all
potential communication profiles of Internet of Things devices. Communications technologies for the
Future Internet and the Internet of Things will have to avoid such bottlenecks by construction not only for
a given status of development, but for the whole path to fully developed and still growing nets.

2) Correctness of Construction:
Correctness of construction of the whole system is a systematic process that starts from the small systems
running on the devices up to network and distributed applications.

3) An Unified Theoretical Framework for Communication:

Communication between processes running within an operating system on a single or multi-core
processor
communication between processes running in a distributed computer system,
The communication between devices and structures in the Internet of Things and the Future Internet using
wired and wireless channels shall be merged into a unified minimum theoretical framework covering and
including formalized communication within protocols.

Processes, Data Management, Security, Privacy & Trust

Processes 

1)Adaptive and Event-driven Processes:

One of the main benefits of IoT integration is that processes become more adaptive to what is actually
happening in the real world. Inherently, this is based on events that are either detected directly or by real-
time analysis of sensor data. Such events can occur at any time in the process.adaptive and event-driven
processes could consider the extension and exploitation of EDA (Event Driven Architectures) for activity
monitoring and complex event processing (CEP) in IoT systems

2) Processes Dealing with Unreliable Data:

When dealing with events coming from the physical world, a degree of unreliability and uncertainty is
introduced into the processes. If decisions in a business process are to be taken based on events that have
some uncertainty attached, it makes sense to associate each of these events with some value for the
quality of information.

3) Processes Dealing with Unreliable Resources:

Not only is the data from resources inherently unreliable, but also the resources providing the data
themselves.
Processes relying on such resources need to be able to adapt to such situations.

4) Highly Distributed Processes:

When interaction with real-world objects and devices is required, it can make sense to execute a process
in a decentralized fashion. The decomposition and decentralization of existing business processes
increases scalability and performance, allows better decision making and could even lead to new business
models.

Data Management

Data management is a crucial aspect in the Internet of Things. When considering a world of objects
interconnected and constantly exchanging all types of information, the volume of the generated data and
the processes involved in the handling of those data become critical.
challenges and opportunities of data management
-> Data Collection and Analysis
-> Big Data
-> Semantic Sensor Networking
-> Virtual Sensors
-> Complex Event Processing

1)Data Collection and Analysis (DCA)

The DCA module is part of the core layer of any IoT platform.
Functions of a DCA module

1) User/customer data storing:

Provides storage of the customer’s information collected by sensors.
2) User data & operation modelling:
Allows the customer to create new sensor data models to accommodate collected information and the
modelling of the supported operations.

3) On demand data access:

Provides APIs to access the collected data.
4) Device event publish/subscribe/forwarding/ notification:
Provides APIs to access the collected data in real time conditions
5) Customer rules/filtering:
Allows the customer to establish its own filters and rules to correlate events.
6) Customer task automation:
Provides the customer with the ability to manage his automatic processes.
7) Customer workflows:
Allows the customer to create his own work flow to process the incoming events from a device

8) Multi tenant structure:

Provides the structure to support multiple organizations and re-seller schemes.
9) Features Data Collection and Analysis platform:
Multi-protocol:
DCA platforms should be capable of handling or understanding different input (and output) protocols and
formats.s
De-centralization:
Sensors and measurements/ observations captured by them should be stored in systems that can be de-
centralized from a single platform.

10) Data mining features:

DCA systems should also integrate capacities for the processing of the stored info, making it easier to
extract useful data from the huge amount of contents that may be recorded
11) Security:
DCA platforms should increase the level of data protection and security, from the transmission of
messages from devices (sensors, actuators, etc.) to the data stored in the platform.
Big Data

Example of big data

 Web logs;
 RFID;
 Sensor networks;
 Social networks;
 Social data (due to the Social data revolution);
 Internet text and documents;
 Internet search indexing;
 Call detail records;
 Astronomy, atmospheric science, genomics, biochemical, biological, and other complex
and/or interdisciplinary scientific research;
 Military surveillance;
 Medical records;
 Photography archives;
 Video archives;
 Large scale e-commerce.

Privacy

Internet of Things privacy is the special considerations required to protect the information of individuals
from exposure in the IoT environment, in which almost any physical or logical entity or object can be
given a unique identifier and the ability to communicate autonomously over the Internet or similar
network.
-> Cryptographic techniques
-> Design concepts
-> Fine-grain and self-configuring
Security

 IoT security is the area of endeavor concerned with safeguarding connected devices and networks
in the Internet of things.
 Large-scale applications and services based on the IoT.
 DoS/DDOS attacks
 General attack : malicious code hacking attacks.
 Cyber situation awareness tools/techniques

Trust

The trust framework needs to be able to deal with humans and machines as users.

Device level issues of IoT

a. How will be device be named and organized?

How will we name the devices? How will we be able to develop new naming schemes? One
solution for this is to use the DNS. It will ensure that we don’t have to create any new protocols.

b. How will the device communicate with each other?

We will need some standards to ensure interoperability of devices so that each and every type of
device can communicate with each other. We will need cloud-based servers to achieve this
feature.

c. How is the performance measurement and optimized?

The amount of data keeps on growing with the number of devices. The data will put a lot of
pressure on the network and the performance will be degraded. How will manufacturer ensure
optimal performance?

d. How are security and privacy ensured?

Security and privacy of data are two of the biggest issues surrounding IoT. If the security system
fails, every IoT device can be under threat and all the information will lose its privacy. There are
some big data tools which can help but this will still remain the biggest concern for the users as
well as the manufacturers.

e. How will the device be maintained?

 Maintenance becomes an issue when we are dealing with billions of IoT devices connected to the
internet. We will need a strong and secure OS that can handle these many devices and performs
optimally.

IoT Standardization and Implementation Challenges

The rapid evolution of the IoT market has caused an explosion in the number and variety of IoT solutions.
Additionally, large amounts of funding are being deployed at IoT startups. Consequently, the focus of the
industry has been on manufacturing and producing the right types of hardware to enable those solutions.
In the current model, most IoT solution providers have been building all components of the stack, from
the hardware devices to the relevant cloud services or as they would like to name it as "IoT solutions", as
a result, there is a lack of consistency and standards across the cloud services used by the different IoT
solutions.
As the industry evolves, the need for a standard model to perform common IoT backend tasks, such as
processing, storage, and firmware updates, is becoming more relevant. In that new model, we are likely to
see different IoT solutions work with common backend services, which will guarantee levels of
interoperability, portability and manageability that are almost impossible to achieve with the current
generation of IoT solutions.
Creating that model will never be an easy task by any level of imagination, there are hurdles and
challenges facing the standardization and implementation of IoT solutions and that model needs to
overcome all of them.
IoT standardization

Figure 1: IoT standardization components

 

The hurdles facing IoT standardization can be divided into four categories; Platform, Connectivity,
Business Model and Killer Applications (Figure 1):

 Platform: This part includes the form and design of the products (UI/UX), analytics tools used to
deal with the massive volume of data streaming from all products in a secure way, and scalability
which means that wide adoption of protocols like IPv6 in all vertical and horizontal markets is
needed.
  Connectivity: This phase includes all parts of the consumer's day and night routine, from using
wearables, smart cars, smart homes, and in the big scheme, smart cities. From the business
prospective we have connectivity using IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) where M2M
communications dominate the field.
 Business Model: The bottom line is a big motivation for starting, investing in, and operating any
business; without a sound and solid business model for IoT we will have another bubble , this
model must satisfied all the requirements for all kinds of e-commerce; vertical markets,
horizontal markets and consumer markets. But this category is always a victim of regulatory and
legal scrutiny.
 Killer Applications: In this category there are three functions needed to have killer applications:
control "things", collect "data", and analyze "data". IoT needs killer applications to drive the
business model using a unified platform.

All four categories are inter-related, you need all of them to make all of them work. Missing one will
break that model and stall the standardization process. A lot of work is needed in this process, and many
companies are involved in each of the categories, bringing them to the table to agree on a unifying model
will be a daunting task.
IoT implementation
The second part of the model is IoT implementation; implementing IoT is not an easy process by any
measure for many reasons including the complex nature of the different components of the IoT
ecosystem. To understand the gravity of this process, we will explore all five components of IoT
Implementation: Sensors, Networks, Standards, Intelligent Analysis, and Intelligent Actions (Figure 2).

Sensors
There two types of sensor: active sensors and passive sensors. The driving forces for using sensors in IoT
today are new trends in technology that have made sensors cheaper, smarter and smaller. The challenges
facing IoT sensors are: power consumption, security, and interoperability.

Networks
The second component of IoT implementation is to transmit the signals collected by sensors over
networks with all the different components of a typical network including routers, bridges in different
topologies. Connecting the different parts of networks to the sensors can be done by different
technologies including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Low Power Wi-Fi, WiMAX, regular Ethernet, Long Term
Evolution (LTE) and the recent promising technology of Li-Fi (using light as a medium of
communication between the different parts of a typical network including sensors).
The driving forces for widespread network adoption in IoT are high data rate, low prices of data usage,
virtualization (X - Defined Network trends), XaaS concept (SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS), and IPv6 deployment.
But the challenges facing network implementation in IoT are the enormous growth in the number of
connected devices, availability of network coverage, security, and power consumption.
Standards
The third stage in the implementation process involves the sum of all activities of handling, processing
and storing the data collected from the sensors. This aggregation increases the value of data by increasing
the scale, scope, and frequency of data available for analysis. But aggregation can only be achieved
through the use of various standards depending on the IoT application in use.
There are two types of standards relevant for the aggregation process; technology standards (including
network protocols, communication protocols, and data-aggregation standards) and regulatory standards
(related to security and privacy of data, among other issues). Challenges facing the adoption of standards
within IoT are: standards for handling unstructured data, security and privacy issues in addition to
regulatory standards for data markets.
Intelligent analysis
The fourth stage in IoT implementation is extracting insight from data for analysis. IoT analysis is driven
by cognitive technologies and the accompanying models that facilitate the use of cognitive technologies.
With advances in cognitive technologies' ability to process varied forms of information, vision and voice
have also become usable, and open the doors for in-depth understanding of the non-stop streams of real-
time data. Factors driving adoption of intelligent analytics within the IoT include artificial intelligence
models, growth in crowdsourcing and open-source analytics software, real-time data processing and
analysis. Challenges facing the adoption of analytics within IoT; inaccurate analysis due to flaws in the
data and/or model, legacy systems' ability to analyze unstructured data, and legacy systems' ability to
manage real-time data.
Intelligent actions
Intelligent actions can be expressed as M2M (Machine to Machine) and M2H (Machine to Human)
interfaces for example with all the advancement in UI and UX technologies. Factors driving adoption of
intelligent actions within the IoT; lower machine prices, improved machine functionality, machines
"influencing" human actions through behavioral-science rationale, and deep learning tools. Challenges
facing the adoption of intelligent actions within IoT: machines' actions in unpredictable situations,
information security and privacy, machine interoperability, mean-reverting human behaviors, and slow
adoption of new technologies
The road ahead
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an ecosystem of ever-increasing complexity; it's the next wave of
innovation that will humanize every object in our life, it is the next level to automating every object in our
life and convergence of technologies will make IoT implementation much easier and faster, which in turn
will improve many aspects of our life at home and at work and in between. From refrigerators to parking
spaces to houses, IoT is bringing more and more things into the digital fold every day, which will likely
make IoT a multi-trillion dollar industry in the near future. One possible outcome of successful
standardization of IoT is the implementation of "IoT as a Service" technology, if that service is offered
and used in the same way we use other flavors of "as a service" technologies today the possibilities of
applications in real life will be unlimited. But we have a long way to go to achieve that dream; we need to
overcome many obstacles and barriers at two fronts, consumers and businesses, before we can harvest the
fruits of such technology.