IOT

Introduction
IoT (Internet of Things) is an advanced automation and analytics system which
exploits networking, sensing, big data, and artificial intelligence technology to deliver
complete systems for a product or service. These systems allow greater transparency,
control, and performance when applied to any industry or system.
IoT systems have applications across industries through their unique flexibility and
ability to be suitable in any environment. They enhance data collection, automation,
operations, and much more through smart devices and powerful enabling technology.
IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and integration
within a system. They improve the reach of these areas and their accuracy. IoT utilizes
existing and emerging technology for sensing, networking, and robotics.
IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware prices, and modern attitudes
towards technology. Its new and advanced elements bring major changes in the delivery of
products, goods, and services; and the social, economic, and political impact of those
changes.

IoT − Key Features

The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors,
active engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given below −
 AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every
aspect of life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and
networks. This can mean something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and
cabinets to detect when milk and your favourite cereal run low, and to then place an
order with your preferred grocer.
 Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IoT
networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers.
Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical.
IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.
 Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments
which transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active
system capable of real-world integration.
 Active Engagement − Much of today's interaction with connected technology
happens through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active
content, product, or service engagement.
 Small Devices − Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more
powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision,
scalability, and versatility.
How IoT works
An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems,
such as processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data
they acquire from their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by
connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be
analyzed or analyzed locally. Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related
devices and act on the information they get from one another. The devices do most of the
work without human intervention, although people can interact with the devices -- for
instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data.

The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with these web-
enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.

IoT can also make use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to aid in
making data collecting processes easier and more dynamic.

Why IoT is important

The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well as gain complete
control over their lives. In addition to offering smart devices to automate homes, IoT is
essential to business. IoT provides businesses with a real-time look into how their systems
really work, delivering insights into everything from the performance of machines to supply
chain and logistics operations.

IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce labour costs. It also cuts
down on waste and improves service delivery, making it less expensive to manufacture and
deliver goods, as well as offering transparency into customer transactions.

As such, IoT is one of the most important technologies of everyday life, and it will
continue to pick up steam as more businesses realize the potential of connected devices to
keep them competitive.

IoT benefits to organizations

The internet of things offers several benefits to organizations. Some benefits are industry-
specific, and some are applicable across multiple industries. Some of the common benefits of
IoT enable businesses to:

 monitor their overall business processes;

 improve the customer experience (CX);
 save time and money;
 enhance employee productivity;
 integrate and adapt business models;
 make better business decisions; and
 generate more revenue.

IOT Hardware :
The hardware utilized in IoT systems includes devices for a remote dashboard,
devices for control, servers, a routing or bridge device, and sensors. These devices manage
key tasks and functions such as system activation, action specifications, security,
communication, and detection to support-specific goals and actions.

IoT − Sensors

The most important hardware in IoT might be its sensors. These devices consist of
energy modules, power management modules, RF modules, and sensing modules. RF
modules manage communications through their signal processing, WiFi, ZigBee, Bluetooth,
radio transceiver, duplexer, and BAW.
 The sensing module manages sensing through assorted active and passive
measurement devices. Here is a list of some of the measurement devices used in IoT −

S.No Devices

1. accelerometers temperature sensors

2. magnetometers proximity sensors

3. gyroscopes image sensors

4. acoustic sensors light sensors

5. pressure sensors gas RFID sensors

6. humidity sensors micro flow sensors

IOT Software
IoT software addresses its key areas of networking and action through platforms, embedded
systems, partner systems, and middleware. These individual and master applications are
responsible for data collection, device integration, real-time analytics, and application and
process extension within the IoT network. They exploit integration with critical business
systems (e.g., ordering systems, robotics, scheduling, and more) in the execution of related
tasks.

Data Collection

This software manages sensing, measurements, light data filtering, light data security, and
aggregation of data. It uses certain protocols to aid sensors in connecting with real-time,
machine-to-machine networks. Then it collects data from multiple devices and distributes it
in accordance with settings. It also works in reverse by distributing data over devices. The
system eventually transmits all collected data to a central server.

Device Integration
Software supporting integration binds (dependent relationships) all system devices to create
the body of the IoT system. It ensures the necessary cooperation and stable networking
between devices. These applications are the defining software technology of the IoT
network because without them, it is not an IoT system. They manage the various
applications, protocols, and limitations of each device to allow communication.

Real-Time Analytics

These applications take data or input from various devices and convert it into viable actions
or clear patterns for human analysis. They analyze information based on various settings and
designs in order to perform automation-related tasks or provide the data required by
industry.

Application and Process Extension

These applications extend the reach of existing systems and software to allow a wider, more
effective system. They integrate predefined devices for specific purposes such as allowing
certain mobile devices or engineering instruments access. It supports improved productivity
and more accurate data collection.

IoT − Advantages

The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a list of some
of the advantages that IoT has to offer −
 Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and
significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive. IoT
completely transforms this to achieve richer and more effective engagement with
audiences.
 Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data which improve the
customer experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improvements
to technology. IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.
 Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us
superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more effective
management of resources.
 Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and
its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it exactly
 where humans really want to go to analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of
everything.

IoT − Disadvantages

Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a significant set of
challenges. Here is a list of some its major issues −
 Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating
over networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures. This
leaves users exposed to various kinds of attackers.
 Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme
detail without the user's active participation.
 Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment,
and maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new
enabling technologies.
 Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate
easily with another. They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or
locked systems.
 Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply
with regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly
challenging when many consider standard software compliance a battle.

Arduino
Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware and
software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programmed (referred to as a
microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), which is used to write and upload the computer code to the physical board.
Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro-
controller into a more accessible package.
The Hardware
1.
USB: can be used for both power and communication with the IDE
2. Barrel Jack: used for power supply
3. Voltage Regulator: regulates and stabilises the input and output voltages
4. Crystal Oscillator: keeps track of time and regulates processor frequency
5. Reset Pin: can be used to reset the Arduino Uno
6. 3.3V pin: can be used as a 3.3V output
7. 5V pin: can be used as a 5V output
8. GND pin: can be used to ground the circuit
9. Vin pin: can be used to supply power to the board
10. Analog pins(A0-A5): can be used to read analog signals to the board
11. Microcontroller(ATMega328): the processing and logical unit of the board
12. ICSP pin: a programming header on the board also called SPI
13. Power indicator LED: indicates the power status of the board
14. RX and TX LEDs: receive(RX) and transmit(TX) LEDs, blink when sending or
receiving serial data respectively
15. Digital I/O pins: 14 pins capable of reading and outputting digital signals; 6 of these of
these pins are also capable of PWM
16. AREF pins: can be used to set an external reference voltage as the upper limit for the
analogue pins
17. Reset button: can be used to reset the board

Getting started with the Arduino IDE

Now that you’re familiar with the hardware, its time to learn about the development
environment using which you’re going to program your Uno. The Arduino IDE is the best
place to start your journey in programming your Uno.

 As you open the IDE, you’ll be greeted by a window similar to the one shown in the
above image.
 The text editor is where you’ll be writing your code; you’ll use the verify button to
compile and debug the written program, the save button to save the program and the
upload button to upload the program to the board.
 Before you click on the upload button, it is necessary to select your board, Uno in
this case, from the tools menu in the Menu Bar.
 After you choose your appropriate board, make sure you specify the correct port on
your PC or Mac that you’ve connected your Uno to, in the IDE.
Uploading your first program
 In this example program, we’ll be blinking the inbuilt L LED located right above the
RX and TX LEDs.
 The Arduino IDE includes many basic programs to help you get started with your
Uno. For this example, we’ll be using the inbuilt ‘Blink’ program.
  To open this program, go to the Files menu in the Menu Bar; click on Examples;
click on 01.Basics; select Blink.
 Now that you’ve opened the example program, its time to upload the program, to
do this, click on the upload button and wait for the process to complete.
 If your Output Pane header turns amber and shows an error which reads “Serial Port
COM’x’ not found”, you’ve not connected your board correctly or that you’ve not
specified the correct port that your board is connected to in the IDE. When you
advance and start writing your own programs, you might run into errors while
compiling and uploading; this can be because of a syntax error in the program.
 After you’ve corrected the errors and uploaded the program, you’ll see that the
inbuilt LED blinks, alternating between the ON and OFF state every second.
Congrats on uploading and executing your first piece of code on your Arduino Uno.
 You can now tinker with the program you just uploaded by changing the values of
delay.
 This will change the pattern and the rate of blinking.
 Do keep in mind that the default unit of time in the Arduino IDE is milliseconds;
also remember that you’ve to upload the program to the board after you’ve made
changes in the values of delay to notice the changes in the rate and pattern of the
blinking.

Arduino - Blinking LED

LEDs are small, powerful lights that are used in many different applications. To start, we
will work on blinking an LED, the Hello World of microcontrollers. It is as simple as
turning a light on and off.

Components Required

You will need the following components −

 1 × Breadboard
 1 × Arduino Uno R3
 1 × LED
 1 × 330Ω Resistor
 2 × Jumper

Procedure

Follow the circuit diagram and hook up the components on the breadboard as shown in the
image given below.
Note − To find out the polarity of an LED, look at it closely. The shorter of the two legs,
towards the flat edge of the bulb indicates the negative terminal.

Components like resistors need to have their terminals bent into 90° angles in order to fit the
breadboard sockets properly. You can also cut the terminals shorter.

Sketch
Open the Arduino IDE software on your computer. Coding in the Arduino language will
control your circuit. Open the new sketch File by clicking New.
Arduino Code
/*
Blink
Turns on an LED on for one second, then off for one second, repeatedly.
*/

// the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board

void setup() { // initialize digital pin 13 as an output.

pinMode(2, OUTPUT);
}

// the loop function runs over and over again forever

void loop() {
digitalWrite(2, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(2, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}

Code to Note
pinMode(2, OUTPUT) − Before you can use one of Arduino’s pins, you need to tell
Arduino Uno R3 whether it is an INPUT or OUTPUT. We use a built-in “function” called
pinMode() to do this.
digitalWrite(2, HIGH) − When you are using a pin as an OUTPUT, you can command it to
be HIGH (output 5 volts), or LOW (output 0 volts).

Result

You should see your LED turn on and off. If the required output is not seen, make sure you
have assembled the circuit correctly, and verified and uploaded the code to your board.

Conclusion :
  IoT is a very interesting concept which creates many new possibilities in form of
services and inventions. IoT is an enormously extensive concept that only has very general
requirement postures or very specific solutions depending on how specifically you look at it.
Internet of Things is the concept in which the virtual world of information technology
connected to the real world of things. The technologies of Internet of things such as RFID
and Sensor make our life become better and more comfortable.