2022

Internet of Things
(IoT)
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Subject Page

Table of content …………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………. i

Introduction …………..…………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………. 1

What is Internet of Things………………………………………………………………………….……………………………1

How does IoT work ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………...2

The resoun of choose this topic ………………………………………………………………………..…………………………1

Why is internet of things important…………………………………………………………………………………………3

What are the advantages and disadvantages of IoT………………………………………………………………………..4

What are the types of internet of things…………………………………………………………………………………..5

What are examples of IoT technology and how is it used today………………………………………………………6

The applications of
IoTas……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8

AI diagram ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………9

Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10

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1. INTRODUCTION TO IoT

IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and

integration within a system. They improve the reach of these areas and their
accuracy. IoT utilizes existing and emerging technology for sensing, networking,
and robotics.

IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware prices, and modern
attitudes towards technology. Its new and advanced elements bring major
changes in the delivery of products, goods, and services; and the social,
economic, and political impact of those changes.

The aim of this report is to support meaningful reflection and productive

debate about IoT by providing an accessible review of IoT technology,
impacts and options

2. What is IoT?
The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—
“things”—that are embedded with
sensors, software, and other technologies
for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and
systems over the internet. These devices
range from ordinary household objects to
sophisticated industrial tools. With more
than 7 billion connected IoT devices today,
experts are expecting this number to grow
to 10 billion by 2020 and 22 billion by 2025.
Oracle has a network of device partners.

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The reason of choose this topic

IoT is one of the most important technologies of everyday life, and it will
continue to pick up steam as more businesses realize the potential of
connected devices to keep them competitive

3. How does IoT work?

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use
embedded systems, such as processors, sensors and communication
hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their
environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by
connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either
sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally. Sometimes, these
devices communicate with other related devices and act on the
information they get from one another. The devices do most of the
work without human intervention, although people can interact with the
devices - for instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access
the data.
4. Why is IoT important?
- The internet of things helps people live and work smarter, as well
as gain complete control over their lives. In addition to offering smart
devices to automate homes, IoT is essential to business. IoT
provides businesses with a real-time look into how their systems
really work, delivering insights into everything from the performance
of machines to supply chain and logistics operations.
- IoT enables companies to automate processes and reduce labor
costs. It also cuts down on waste and improves service delivery,
making it less expensive to manufacture and deliver goods, as well
as offering transparency into customer transactions.

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5. What are the benefits of IoT to organizations?

The internet of things offers several benefits to organizations.
Some benefits are industry-specific, and some are applicable
across multiple industries. Some of the common benefits of
IoT enable businesses to:
• improve the customer experience (CX);
• save time and money;
• enhance employee productivity;
• integrate and adapt business models;
• make better business decisions; and
• generate more revenue.

- IoT encourages companies to rethink the ways they

approach their businesses and gives them the tools to
improve their business strategies.

- IoT can benefit farmers in agriculture by making their job

easier. Sensors can collect data on rainfall, humidity,
temperature and soil content, as well as other factors, that
would help automate farming techniques.

- IoT touches every industry, including businesses within

healthcare, finance, retail and manufacturing.

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6. What are the pros and cons of IoT?

Some of the advantages of IoT include the following:
• ability to access information from anywhere at any time on any
device;
• improved communication between connected electronic devices;
• transferring data packets over a connected network saving time
and money; and
• automating tasks helping to improve the quality of a business's
services and reducing the need for human intervention.

Some disadvantages of IoT include the following:

• As the number of connected devices increases and more
information is shared between devices, the potential that a hacker
could steal confidential information also increases.
• Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers --
maybe even millions -- of IoT devices, and collecting and
managing the data from all those devices will be challenging.
• If there's a bug in the system, it's likely that every connected
device will become corrupted.
• Since there's no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it's
difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate
with each other.

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7. What are some ways IoT applications are deployed?

The ability of IoT to provide sensor information as well as enable device-

to-device communication is driving a broad set of applications. The
following are some of the most popular applications and what they do.
- Create new efficiencies in manufacturing through machine
monitoring and product-quality monitoring
Machines can be continuously monitored and analyzed to make sure they are
performing within required tolerances. Products can also be monitored in real time to
identify and address quality defects.
- Improve the tracking and “ring-fencing” of physical assets.
Tracking enables businesses to quickly determine asset location. Ring-fencing allows
them to make sure that high-value assets are protected from theft and removal.
- Use wearables to monitor human health analytics and
environmental conditions.
IoT wearables enable people to better understand their own health and allow
physicians to remotely monitor patients. This technology also enables companies to
track the health and safety of their employees, which is especially useful for workers
employed in hazardous conditions.
- Drive efficiencies and new possibilities in existing processes.
One example of this is the use of IoT to increase efficiency and safety in connected
logistics for fleet management. Companies can use IoT fleet monitoring to direct
trucks, in real time, to improve efficiency
An example of this is the use of IoT devices for connected assets to monitor the health
of remote machines and trigger service calls for preventive maintenance. The ability
to remotely monitor machines is also enabling new product-as-a-service business
models, where customers no longer need to buy a product but instead pay for its
usage.

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8. IoT standards and frameworks

There are several emerging IoT standards, including the following:
• IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks
(6LoWPAN) is an open standard defined by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF). The 6LoWPAN standard enables
any low-power radio to communicate to the internet, including
804.15.4, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Z-Wave (for home
automation).
• ZigBee is a low-power, low-data rate wireless network used
mainly in industrial settings. ZigBee is based on the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4 standard.
The ZigBee Alliance created Dotdot, the universal language for
IoT that enables smart objects to work securely on any network
and understand each othe
• LiteOS is a Unix-like operating system (OS) for wireless sensor
networks. LiteOS supports smartphones, wearables, intelligent
manufacturing applications, smart homes and the internet of
vehicles (IoV). The OS also serves as a smart device
development platform.
• OneM2M is a machine-to-machine service layer that can be
embedded in software and hardware to connect devices. The
global standardization body, OneM2M, was created to develop
reusable standards to enable IoT applications across different
verticals to communicate.
• Data Distribution Service (DDS) was developed by the Object
Management Group (OMG) and is an IoT standard for real-time,
scalable and high-performance M2M communication

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9. IoT security and privacy issues

In 2016, one of the most notorious recent IoT attacks was Mirai, a
botnet that infiltrated domain name server provider Dyn and took down
many websites for an extended period of time in one of the biggest
distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks ever seen. Attackers
gained access to the network by exploiting poorly secured IoT devices.

Because IoT devices are closely connected, all a hacker has to do is

exploit one vulnerability to manipulate all the data, rendering it
unusable. Manufacturers that don't update their devices regularly -- or
at all -- leave them vulnerable to cybercriminals.

Additionally, connected devices often ask users to input their personal

information, including names, ages, addresses, phone numbers and
even social media accounts -- information that's invaluable to hackers.

Hackers aren't the only

threat to the internet of
things; privacy is another
major concern for IoT
users. For instance,
companies that make and
distribute consumer IoT
devices could use those
devices to obtain and sell
users' personal data.

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10. Diagram

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11.Conclusions
- Internet-of-Things has emerged as a new paradigm aiming at providing
solutions for integration, communication, data consumption and analysis
of smart devices. To this end, connectivity, interoperability, and
integration are inevitable parts of IoT communication systems. While
IoT, due to its highly distributed and heterogeneous nature, is
comprised of many different components and aspects, providing
solutions to integrate this environment and hide its complexity from the
user side is inevitable. Novel approaches that utilize SOA architecture
and API definition languages to service exposition , discovery, and
composition will have huge impact in adoption and proliferation of the
future IoT vision

- In this paper, different building blocks of IoT such as sensors and smart
devices, M2M communication, and the role of humans in future IoT
scenarios are elaborated and investigated. Many challenges ranging
from communication requirements to middleware development still
remain open and need further investigations. We highlighted these
shortcomings and provided typical solutions and draw guidelines for
future researches in this area..

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