Bahir Dar University

Bahir Dar Institute of Technology

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering

Chapter Two : Electrical circuit analysis

By Nebiyu Y.
Email:nyissaye@gmail.com 1
1. Principal laws of DC circuit
 Circuit simplification (Series and parallel connection of R,L,C and source)
 Voltage and Current divider rule
Kirchhoff's law(KVL and KCL)
Star and Delta transformation
 Source Transformation
2. Methods of circuit analysis
Nodal analysis
 Mesh analysis
 Linearity and Superposition principle
 Thevenin theorem
 Norton Theorem
 Maximum power transfer
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 An electrical Ckt is an interconnection of electrical components. A
simple and basic electrical circuit consists of:

1). Voltage source(E).

2). The load; is a device that dissipate/ converts electrical energy.

3). The connecting wires.

 The voltage source pressures charges to flow through the circuit.

 All electric circuits obtain their energy either from a direct current (DC)
or from an alternating current (AC) source.

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 Ohm’s law states that the voltage V across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current I flowing through the Resistor.

 V ∝ I , Ohm defined the constant of proportionality for a resistor

to be the resistance.

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Example 1. In the circuit shown below calculate the current i, the

conductance G and Power P?

Hence, the current is I = V/R= 30v/5 × 103 Ω= 6 mA

The conductance is G = 1/R = 1/5 × 103 Ω =0.2 ms

P = VI = 30V(6 ×10−3 mA) = 180 mW

Example 2. A voltage source of 20 sin πt V is connected across a 5-k

resistor. Find the current through the resistor and the power

dissipated?

I= V/R= 20 sin πt/5 × 103 Ω = 4 sin πt mA

Hence

P = VI = 80 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜋𝑡 mW

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 Depending on how the components are connected, electrical circuits can
be grouped in to four types:

1. Series Circuit 2.Parallel Circuit

3. Series-Parallel Circuit 4. Complex Circuit

 Two elements are in series if They have only one terminal in common
(i.e., one lead of one is connected to only one lead of the other).

 The common point between the two elements is not connected to another
current-carrying element.

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 TOTAL CURRENT IN SERIES CKT(IT )
• A series ckt provides only one path for current between two points in a
circuit, so that the current is the same through series elements.
Is = I1 = I2 = I3 = ...... = IN
 TOTAL RESISTANCE IN SERIES CKT(RT )
• The total resistance of a series circuit is the sum of the resistance levels.
In general, to find the total resistance of N resistors in series,
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...... + RN (Ohms,Ω)
• Once RT is known, the current drawn from the source can be determined
𝐸
using Ohms law, as follows: 𝐼𝑠 =
𝑅𝑇
 VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS EACH RESISTOR
• The fact that the current is the same through each element of series
circuit, the voltage across each resistor can be calculated using Ohms law:
V1 = IR1, V2 = IR2, V3 = IR3........VN = IRN
• From this, the total sum of each voltage drops across each resistor is equal
to the source voltage( E ).
E = V1 + V2 + V3...... + VN 7
• The power delivered to each resistor can then be determined using any
one of three equations as listed below for R1:
𝑉12
𝑃1 = 𝑉1 𝐼1 = 𝑅1 𝐼12 =
𝑅1
• Generally, delivered power at each resistor can be calculated:
𝑉𝑛2
𝑃𝑛 = 𝑉𝑛 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑅𝑛 𝐼𝑛2 =
𝑅𝑛
• The power delivered by the source is:
𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑙 = EI
• The total power delivered to a resistive circuit is equal to the total power
dissipated by the resistive elements. Pdel = P1 + P2 + P3 + ..... + PN
 VOLTAGE SOURCES IN SERIES
 Voltage sources can be connected in series, as shown in following Fig.
(a) and Fig. (b) ,to increase or decrease the total voltage applied
 The total Voltage is equal to the algebraic sum of the individual Voltages,
which are connected in series.
 The net Polarity is the polarity of the larger sum and when summing
Voltages.

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Example 3
A). Find the total resistance for the following series circuit Calculate the
source current Is.
B). Determine the voltages V1, V2, and V3.
C). Calculate the power dissipated by R1, R2, and R3.
D).Determine the power delivered by the source, and compare it to the sum
of the power levels of part (d).

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 VOLTAGE DIVIDER RULE: the voltage across the resistive elements will
divide as the magnitude of the resistance levels.

 the voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the value of that
resistor times the total impressed voltage across the series elements
divided by the total resistance of the series elements.

 apply ohms law

 Voltage drop across Resistor X is :

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Example 4 : Use the voltage divider rule to determine the voltage across
each of the resistors in the following circuit.

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 Two elements, branches, or networks are in parallel if they have exactly
two points in common.
 This points of connection are often referred to as nodes. For instance,
elements A and B are in parallel b/c they have terminals a and b in
common.

 Let consider the following simplest of parallel circuits. All the elements
have terminals a and b in common.

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 VOLTAGE IN PARALLEL CKTS (E)
Since the terminals of the battery are connected directly across the
resistors R1 and R2, the voltage across parallel elements is the same.
E = V1 = V2 = Vn
 TOTAL RESISTANCE IN PARALLEL CKT(RT )
• The total resistance of a parallel circuit is

• For two resistors

• For Three Resistors

• Once RT is known, the current drawn from the source can be

𝐸
determined using Ohms law, as follows: 𝐼𝑠 =
𝑅𝑇
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 The power delivered by the source and that dissipated by the resistors is:

• In parallel networks, the voltage across all parallel elements is the same.
However, the currents through the various elements are typically different.

• An important effect of combining parallel resistors is that the resultant

resistance will always be smaller than the smallest resistor in the
combination.
 The current divider rule (CDR) is used to determine how current entering
a node is split between the various parallel resistors connected to the
node
• By using current divider rule

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  Current source in parallel
• If two or more current sources are in parallel, they may all be replaced
by one current source having the magnitude and direction of the
resultant

• which can be found by summing the currents in one direction and

subtracting the sum of the currents in the opposite direction.

Example: Reduce the parallel current sources of Figs a to a single current

source fig. b.

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Example 5: For the parallel network of the following circuit,
a.Calculate RT .
b.Determine Is.
c.Calculate I1 and I2, and demonstrate that Is = I1 + I2
d.Determine the power to each resistive load.
e.Determine the power delivered by the source,
f. and compare it to the total power dissipated by the resistive elements.

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Example 6 . Use the current divider rule to calculate the unknown currents
for the networks of Figure below.

Solution

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 In general, series-parallel networks are networks that contain both
series and parallel circuit configurations.
 By practicing (not memorizing) the techniques outlined in this section,
you will find that most circuits can be reduced to groupings of series and
parallel combinations.
 In analyzing such circuits, it is imperative to remember that the rules for
analyzing series and parallel elements still apply.
a. The same current occurs through all series elements. The same voltage
occurs across all parallel elements.
b. In addition, remember that Kirchhoff's voltage law and Kirchhoff's
current law apply for all circuits regardless of whether the circuits are
series, parallel, or series-parallel.

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Example 7 : Find Req for the circuit shown in Fig below

• To get Req, we combine resistors in series and in parallel. The 6 ohm and 3
ohm resistors are in parallel.

• The 1 and 5 resistors are in series; hence their equivalent resistance is 1Ω

+5Ω = 6Ω .

• we notice that the two 2 ohm resistors are in series, so the equivalent
resistance is series 2Ω + 2Ω = 4 Ω .

• 4Ω and 6 Ω are parallel then,

• Hence, the equivalent resistance for the circuit is Req = 4Ω + 2.4Ω + 8Ω

= 14.4 Ω.

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Example 8 :-Consider the circuit of Figure below
a) Find RT.
b) Calculate Is, IB,and IC.
c) Determine the voltages V1 and V2.

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 Complex circuits are circuits that contains none of the three types
so that it is impossible to say parallel, series, or series-parallel.

 Such kind of circuits arrangement is analyzed using the following

two Kirchhoff’s laws:
• Kirchhoff's Voltage law(KVL)

• Kirchhoff's Current law(KCL)

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Exercise 1 : Find the magnitude and direction of the currents I3, I4, I6,
and I7 for the network of Figure below. Even though the elements are
not in series or parallel, Kirchhoff's current law can be applied to

determine all the unknown currents.

Exercise 2 This example demonstrates the power of Kirchhoff's voltage

law by determining the voltages V1, V2, and V3 for the network of
Figure below.

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 The equivalent inductance of series-connected inductors is the sum of
the individual inductances.

Leq=L1+L2+L3+....Ln

 The equivalent inductance of parallel inductors is the reciprocal of the

sum of the reciprocals of the individual inductances.

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Example 9. Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit shown in fig
below?

Solution

• The 10-H, 12-H, and 20-H inductors are in series; thus, combining them
gives a 42-H inductance.

• This 42-H inductor is in parallel with the 7-H inductor so that they are
combined, to give (7-H × 42-H)/(7-H + 42-H)= 6 H

• This 6-H inductor is in series with the 4-H and 8-H inductors. Hence,

Leq = 4-H + 6-H + 8-H = 18 H

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 The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected capacitors is the
sum of the individual capacitances.

Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 +· · ·+CN

 The equivalent capacitance of series-connected capacitors is the

reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual capacitances.

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Example 10. Find the equivalent capacitance seen between terminals a and b
of the circuit ?

Solution

o The 20-μF and 5-μF capacitors are in series; their equivalent capacitance is
20∗5
C=20+5=4 μF

o This 4-μF capacitor is in parallel with the 6-μF and 20-μF capacitors their
combined capacitance is 4μF + 6μF + 20μF = 30 μF

o This 30-μF capacitor is in series with the 60-μF capacitor. Hence, the

equivalent capacitance for the entire circuit is

Ceq = (30μF × 60μF)/(30μF + 60μF)= 20 μF

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 A branch represents a single element such as a voltage, a current source or
a resistor.
 A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.
 A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

Example 11: How many branches and nodes does the circuit in Fig. below
have? Identify the elements that are in series and in parallel.

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 Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering
a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.

 or the summation of currents entering a node is equal to the summation of currents

leaving the node.

𝑁
𝑛=1 I𝑛 = 0..............................................(3)
i1 + i3 + i4 = i2 + i5

 Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around
a closed path(or loop) is zero.
𝑀
𝑚=1 V𝑚 = 0....................................()

Thus, KVL yields

−v1 + v2 + v3 − v4 + v5 = 0
v2 + v3 + v5 = v1 + v4

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Examples 12: Verify that Kirchhoff's current law applies at the node shown in
figure below.

3mA+6mA+1mA=2mA+4mA+4mA 10mA=10mA

Examples 13 : Find the magnitudes of the unknown currents for the circuit of the
following Figure (a) and (b) through applications of Kirchhoff's current law.

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Examples 14. For the circuit in Fig. below find voltages v1 and v2.

To find v1 and v2, we apply Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law.

From Ohm’s law,

v1 = 2i, v2 = −3i .............................................(1)

Applying KVL around the loop gives

−20 + v1 − v2 = 0............................................(2)

Substituting Eq. (1) into Eq. (2), we obtain

−20 + 2i + 3i =0 or 5i = 20 ⇒i=4A

Substituting i in Eq. (1) finally gives

V1 = 8 V, V2 = −12 V

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Examples 15. Determine Vo and i in the circuit shown in Fig below?

We apply KVL around the loop as shown in fig a and b above

-12+4i+2Vo-4-Vo=0………………………………………………..1
Applying ohms law to the 6-Ω resistors gives
Vo= -6i ………………………………………………………….………...2
Substituting Eqn 2 and Eqn 1 yields
-16+10i-12i=0 → i=-8 A
And Vo= 48 V.

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Example 16. Find the currents and voltages in the circuit shown in Fig below?

 Using ohms law and Kirchhoff's law

𝑉1 = 8𝑖1 𝑉2 = 3𝑖2 𝑉3 = 6𝑖3

 From KCL at node ‘a’

𝑖1 = 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..(1)
 Applying KVL around From loop (1)
-30v + 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 = 0
-30v + 8𝑖1 + 3𝑖2 = 0…………………………………………………..……………….(2)
From loop (2)
−𝑉2 + 𝑉3 = 0……………………………….………………………………….………(3)
𝑉2 = 𝑉3
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o 3𝑖2 = 6𝑖3 ⇉ 𝑖2 = 2𝑖3 …………………………………..(4)

o From Eqn (1 and 4 )

𝑖1 = 3𝑖3 …………………………………..(5)

o From equation 2 ,4, and 5.

2
−30 + 8𝑖1 + 3𝑖2 = 0 here 𝑖2 = 3 𝑖1
Solve for 𝑖1=3 A 𝑖2 = 2 A 𝑖3 = 1 A

Substituting 𝑖1, 𝑖2 ,and 𝑖3 in to V1,V2 and V3

V1=8*i1=8*3A=24V V2=3*i2=3*2A=6V V3=6*i3=6*1A=6v

Examples 17 :Find current io and voltage Vo in the circuit shown in Fig below
Applying KCL to node a, we obtain
3 + 0.5io = io ⇒ io = 6 A
For the 4- resistor, Ohm’s law gives
Vo = 4io = 24 V

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 An open circuit is simply two isolated terminals not connected by an
element of any kind, as shown in fig. below

 Since a path for conduction does not exist, the current associated
with an open circuit must always be zero.

 an open circuit can have a potential difference (voltage) across its

terminals, but the current is always zero amperes.

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 A short circuit is a very low resistance, direct connection between two
terminals of a network, as shown in Fig.below

 The current through the short circuit can be any value, as determined by
the system it is connected too.

 the voltage across the short circuit will always be zero volts because the
resistance of the short circuit is assumed to be essentially zero ohms and V
= IR = I (0Ω) = 0V

 As shown in Fig .above the current through the 2 Ω resistor is 5 A.

 But after short circuited the current through the 2 Ω resistor is 0 A.

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Example 18: Determine the voltage Vab for the network

Solution: The open circuit requires that I be zero amperes. The voltage

drop across both resistors is therefore zero volts since V = IR = I (∞Ω) =

0V Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law around the closed loop,Vab = 20V

Exercise 3:Calculate the current I and the voltage V for the network of fig
below.

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 Situations often arises in the circuit analysis with the resistorswhich are connected
neither in parallel nor series.

Fig. The bridge network.

 Different forms of Resistors connections

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 To obtain the conversion formula for transforming a Y to an equivalent Delta
networks and vice versa:

 To convert Delta to Y network :Each resistor in the“ network is the sum of all
possible products of Y resistors taken two at a time, divided by the opposite Y resistor.

 To convert Y to Delta network :Each resistor in the Y network k is the product of the
resistors in the two adjacent" branches, divided by the sum of the three "resistors.

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 The Y and ߜ networks are said to be balance when

𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 = 𝑅𝑌 , 𝑅𝑎 = 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑅𝑐 = 𝑅ߜ

Under these conditions, conversion formulas becomes

𝑅𝑌 = 3ߜ
𝑅
𝑅ߜ = 3𝑅𝑌

Example 19: Convert the Delta network in Fig. to an equivalent Y network.

10/18/2021 39
A source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source Vs in
series with a resistor R by a current source is in parallel with a resistor R, or
vice versa.

vs
vs  is R or is 
R

Vs  Rs I s Vs
Is 
Rs
40
 A voltage source in series with a resistor is transformed into a current source in
parallel with a resistor.

 A current source in parallel with a resistor is transformed into a voltage source in

series with a resistor.
Example 20: Use source transformation to find Vo in the circuit.

41
 we use current division to get

2
i ( 2)  0.4A
28
and
vo  8i  8(0.4)  3.2V

Home Task 1 : Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit in Fig. below
and use it to find current i. Hint use star delta transformation

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Home Task 2:Find the currents and voltages in the circuit shown in Fig below?

Hint Use KVL and KCL laws

Home Task 3 :Find Rab for the circuit in Fig below?

Hint use series and parallel

combination of resistors

Home task 4: Find the

indicated currents and
voltages for the network of
Figure below.
Hint use All laws and
rules

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