Chapter 1

Electrical Circuit – Direct

current (DC)

1
Electrical energy

 Electrical energy is the energy made

available by the flow of electric charge
through an electrical conductor.

2
Voltage Atom

 Voltage is always defined as

the potential difference
between two points (one of
those points may be ground)
 If a free electron leaves the
vicinity of the parent atom,
regions of positive and negative
charge have been established

3
Protons have a positive charge (+) and electrons have a negative charge (-)
Voltage

 There are a variety of ways to separate

charge to establish the desired voltage:
 chemical action - batteries
 mechanical methods - generators
 alternative sources - solar cells
 Units = Volts (V)

4
 Current

 Current define as the charge flow

 If 6.242 X 1018 electrons pass through an imaginary plane in one
second, the flow of charge or current is said to be 1 ampere (A).
 Units = Ampere (A)
5
Voltage & Current flow

6
 Voltage Sources
 An electromotive
force (emf) is a force
that establishes the
flow of charge (or
current) in a system
due to the application
of a difference in
potential

7
Conductors and Insulators
 Conductors are those materials that permit
a generous flow of electrons with very little
external force (voltage) applied (Exp :
Copper)
 Insulators are those materials that have
very few free electrons and require a large
applied potential (voltage) to establish a
measurable current level (Exp: PVC)

8
Resistance

 Opposition to the flow of charge (current)

through an electrical circuit is called
resistance.
 Units = ohms ().

9
 Types of Resistors
 For a particular
manufacturer, and
style, the size of a
resistor will increase
with the power or
wattage rating
 The size of a resistor
does not define its
resistance level

Symbols ;

10
Fixed Potentiometer Rheostat
Variable
 Resistor Color Coding
 First two bands represent the
first and second digits,
respectively
 Third band determines the
power-of-ten multiplier for the
first two digits
 Fourth band is the
manufacturer’s tolerance

11
Ohm’s Law
 Substituting terms results in Ohm’s
Law:

which can be rearranged as

or

12
Power
 Power delivered to, or absorbed by, an
electrical device or system can be found
with the following equations

13
Energy
 For power, which is the rate of doing
work, to produce an energy conversion of
any form, it must be used over a period
of time
 Energy (W) lost or gained by any system
is determined by:
W = Pt (Ws or joules)
 Energy is usually stated in watthour (Wh)
and kilowatthour (kWh)
Energy (Wh)  power (W) x time (h)
power (W) x time (h)
Energy (kWh)  14
1000
 Series dc Circuits
Characteristic of series circuit.
Understand the resistance in series circuit.
Understand the Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law (KVL) and Power.

15
Series circuit

Series connection

A series circuit provides

only one path for current
between two point.

16
 Series Resistors

(1)

 The total resistance of a series configuration is

the sum of the resistance levels
(2) (3)
RT = N R , where N is number If R1 & R2 << R3 , RT R3 17
of resistor in series of value R
Example 1 :
Find the RT

18
Example 2:
Find the value of R

19
 Series Circuit
(+)

Current
flow

Ground (0V)

(-)
 The polarity of the voltage across a resistor
is determined by the direction of the current
20
21
 Series Circuit

• The current is the same at every point in a series

circuit (Is = I1= I2 = I3)
• The sum of voltage drops = supply voltage –
Kirchhoff,s Voltage Law (KVL)
22
V 1 + V2 + V 3 = E
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

 The algebraic sum of the

potential rises and drops
around a closed path (or
loop) is zero

23
Power Distribution in a
Series Circuit

PE=EIs

 The power applied by the dc supply must equal

that dissipated by the resistive elements

24
 Voltage Sources in
Series

 Voltage sources can be connected in

series to increase or decrease the total
voltage applied to a system
 sum sources with the same polarity and
subtract sources with the opposite polarity 25
Voltage-Divider Rule

Where: VX is the voltage

across the resistor RX, E
is the impressed voltage
across the series
elements, and RT is the
total resistance of the
series circuit
R  VR
26
 Example 3

Refer to Figure (a) and Figure (b), find

a) Voltage supply, E.
b) Voltage drop for each resistor.
c) Power applied and power dissipated each resistor.

27
 Parallel dc Circuits
Characteristic of parallel circuit.
Understand the resistance in parallel circuit.
Understand the Ohm’s Law, Kirchhoff’s
Current Law (KCL) and Power.

28
Parallel Circuit

• Two elements,
branches or circuits
are in parallel if they
have two, and only
two points in
common

29
Parallel Resistors
 For resistors in parallel, the total
resistance is
(1)

30
 Parallel Resistors
(2)

Valid for two resistor in parallel

(3) If R1 << R2 , RT  R1 (shunt effect)

(4) • For resistors in parallel

– The total resistance of N parallel resistors of
equal value is the resistance of one resistor
divided by the number (N) of parallel resistors

31
Example 4

(a) (b)

Refer to Figure (a) and Figure (b), calculate the total resistance (RT).

32
Example 5

Refer to Figure, calculate the total resistance (RT).

33
 Parallel Resistors
 The voltage is the
same across parallel
elements
E=V1=V2
 The source current is:

 Current branch

IS=I1 + I2
34
Kirchhoff’s Current Law
 The algebraic sum of the currents
entering and leaving a junction (also
termed “node”) of a network is zero
 the sum of the currents entering a node of a
network must equal the sum of the currents
leaving the same node

35
Power Distribution in a
Parallel Circuit
For any network composed of resistive
elements, the power applied by the battery will
equal that dissipated by the resistive elements

36
Current Divider Rule
 The current entering parallel resistive
elements will split as the inverse of their
resistive values
 The Current Divider Rule:

37
Current Divider Rule
 For two parallel resistors, the current
through one is equal to the other
resistor times the total entering current
divided by the sum of the two resistors

If R1 = R2 , I1 = I2 38
Applications
• The basic wiring of a house
is done in parallel
configuration

39
Example 6

(a) (b)
Refer to Figure (a) and Figure (b), find
a) Total resistance, RT and Voltage supply, E.
b) Voltage drop for each resistor.
c) Current Is, I1, I2 and I3 (for figure (b) only)
d) Power applied and power dissipated each resistor.
40
Example 7

Refer to the Figure, calculate

a) Supply voltage, E.
b) Is, I2 and R3. 41
 Series and Parallel Circuit
Example 8

Find the current I3.

42
Example 9

Determine the value of

a) Is, I2 and I4
b) V1 and V5 43
Example 10

Determine the value of

a) Is, I2, I3 and I6
b) V1, V4 and V6 44