PHYSICS CHAPTER 7

is defined as the production of an induced

e.m.f. in a conductor/coil whenever the
magnetic flux through the conductor/coil
changes.

CHAPTER 7:
Electromagnetic induction
(7 Hours)

1
 PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Learning Outcome:
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics

7.1 Magnetic flux (1 hour)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Define and use magnetic flux,
 
  B  A  BA cos 

2
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7

7.1 Magnetic flux

7.1.1 Phenomenon of electromagnetic induction
 Consider some experiments were conducted by Michael
Faraday that led to the discovery of the Faraday’s law of
induction as shown in Figures 7.1a, 7.1b, 7.1c, 7.1d and 7.1e.
v0

No movement

Figure 7.1a

3
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
v

S N
Move towards the coil

I I

Figure 7.1b
v0

No movement

Figure 7.1c
4
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
v

N S Move away from the coil

I I

Figure 7.1d
v

N S
Move towards the coil

I I
Stimulation 7.1
Figure 7.1e
5
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 From the experiments:
 When the bar magnet is stationary,
stationary the galvanometer not
show any deflection (no current flows in the coil).
coil
 When the bar magnet is moved relatively towards the coil,
the galvanometer shows a momentary deflection to the right
(Figure 7.1b). When the bar magnet is moved relatively
away from the coil, the galvanometer is seen to deflect in the
opposite direction (Figure 7.1d).
 Therefore when there is any relative motion between the
coil and the bar magnet , the current known as induced
current will flow momentarily through the galvanometer.
This current due to an induced e.m.f across the coil.
 Conclusion :
 When the magnetic field lines through a coil changes
thus the induced emf will exist across the coil.

6
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. depends on the
speed of the relative motion where if the
v increases induced emf increases
v decreases induced emf decreases
Therefore v is proportional to the induced emf.
emf
7.1.2 Magnetic flux of a uniform magnetic field
 is defined as the scalar product between the magnetic flux
density, B with the vector of the area, A.
Mathematically,
 
Φ  B  A  BAcos (7.1)

where  : magnetic flux  

 : angle between the direction of B and A
B : magnitude of the magnetic flux density
A : area of the coil
7
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 It is a scalar quantity and its unit is weber (Wb) OR tesla
meter squared ( T m2).
 Consider a uniform magnetic field B passing through a surface
area A of a single turn coil as shown in Figures
 7.2a and 7.2b.
B


A
area

Figure 7.2a
 From the Figure 7.2a, the angle  is 0 thus the magnetic flux is
given by
Φ  BAcos

 BA cos 0
  BA maximum
8
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7

 B
A
  90
area

Figure 7.2b
 From the Figure 7.2a, the angle  is 90 thus the magnetic flux
is given by Φ  BA cos 
 BA cos 90
Note:
0
 Direction of vector A always perpendicular (normal) to
the surface area, A.
 The magnetic flux is proportional to the number of
field lines passing through the area.
9
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Example 1 :
A single turn of rectangular coil of sides 10 cm  5.0 cm is placed
between north and south poles of a permanent magnet. Initially, the
plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field as shown in Figure
7.3.

N S
R Q

I I
S P
Figure 7.3
If the coil is turned by 90 about its rotation axis and the magnitude
of magnetic flux density is 1.5 T, Calculate the change in the
magnetic flux through the coil.

10
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Solution : B  1.5 T
The area of the coil is
  
A  10  10 2 5.0  10 2  5.0  10 3 m 2

Initially, A  From the figure,  =90 thus the initial
B magnetic flux through the coil is
Φ i  BA cos 
 BA cos 90
Φi  0

Finally, B From the figure,  =0 thus the final magnetic
flux through the coil is

A Φ f  BA cos 
 
 1.5 5.0  10 3 cos 0
Φ f  7.5  10 3 Wb
Therefore the change in magnetic flux through the coil is
Φ  Φ f  Φ i   7.5  10 3  0
  7.5  10 3 Wb 11
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Example 2 :
A single turn of circular coil with a diameter of 3.0 cm is placed in
the uniform magnetic field. The plane of the coil makes an angle
30 to the direction of the magnetic field. If the magnetic flux
through the area of the coil is 1.20 mWb, calculate the magnitude of
the magnetic field.
Solution : d  3.0  10 2 m;   1.20  10 3 Wb

A 
B
30 
30
coil
The area of the coil is
A
d 2
A

 3.0  10 
2 2

4 4
A  7.07  10 4 m 2
12
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Solution : d  3.0  10 2 m;   1.20  10 3 Wb
The angle between the direction of magnetic field, B and vector of
area, A is given by
  90  30  60
Therefore the magnitude of the magnetic field is
Φ  BA cos 

1.20  10 3  B 7.07  10 4 cos 60
B  3.40 T

13
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Example 3 :

Figure 7.4
The three loops of wire as shown in Figure 7.4 are all in a region of
space with a uniform magnetic field. Loop 1 swings back and forth
as the bob on a simple pendulum. Loop 2 rotates about a vertical
axis and loop 3 oscillates vertically on the end of a spring. Which
loop or loops have a magnetic flux that changes with time? Explain
your answer. 14
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Solution :
Only loop 2 has a changing magnetic flux.
flux
Reason :
Loop 1 moves back and forth, and loop 3 moves up and down,
but since the magnetic field is uniform, the flux always
constant with time.
Loop 2 on the other hand changes its orientation relative to
the field as it rotates, hence its flux does change with time.

15
 PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Learning Outcome:
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics

7.2 Induced emf (2 hours)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Explain induced emf.
 State Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law.
 Apply formulae,
d
 
dt
 Derive induced emf of a straight conductor and a coil in
changing magnetic flux.

16
 PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Learning Outcome:
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics

7.2 Induced emf (2 hours)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Apply formula of:
 a straight conductor,

  lvB sin 
 a coil,
dB dA
  A OR   B
dt dt
 a rotating coil,

  NAB sin t
17
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7

7.2 Induced emf

7.2.1 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
 states that the magnitude of the induced emf is proportional
to the rate of change of the magnetic flux.
flux
Mathematically,
dΦ dΦ
  OR   (7.2)
dt dt
where dΦ : change of the magnetic flux
dt : change of time
 : induced emf
 The negative sign indicates that the direction of induced emf
always oppose the change of magnetic flux producing it
(Lenz’s law).
law)

18
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 For a coil of N turns, eq. (7.2) can be written as
dΦ
  N (7.3)
dt
 Since dΦ  Φ f  Φ i , then eq. (7.3) can be written as

  N
Φf  Φi 
(7.4)
dt
where Φ f : final magnetic flux
Φ i : initial magnetic flux
 For a coil of N turns is placed in the changing magnetic
field B, the induced emf  is given by
dΦ
  N and Φ  BA cos 
dt
19
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
d BA cos  
  N
dt
 dB 
   NAcos    (7.5)
 dt 
 For a coil of N turns is placed in a uniform magnetic field B
but changing in the coil’s area A, the induced emf  is given
by dΦ
  N and Φ  BA cos 
dt
d BA cos  
  N
dt
 dA 
   NBcos   (7.6)
 dt  20
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 For a coil is connected in series to a resistor of resistance
R and the induced emf  exist in the coil as shown in Figure 7.5,
the induced current I is given by
dΦ
  N and   IR
dt
I I dΦ
R IR   N (7.7)
dt
Note: Figure 7.5
 To calculate the magnitude of induced emf,
emf the negative sign
can be ignored.
ignored
 For a coil of N turns, each turn will has a magnetic flux  of
BAcos through it, therefore the magnetic flux linkage (refer to
the combined amount of flux through all the turns) is given by
magnetic flux linkage  NΦ
21
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Example 4 :
The magnetic flux passing through a single turn of a coil is
increased quickly but steadily at a rate of 5.0102 Wb s1. If the coil
have 500 turns, calculate the magnitude of the induced emf in the
coil.
d
Solution : N  500 turns;  5.0  10  2 Wb s 1
dt
By applying the Faraday’s law equation for a coil of N turns , thus
dΦ
N
dt

 500  5.0  10 2 
  25 V

22
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Example 5 :
A coil having an area of 8.0 cm2 and 50 turns lies perpendicular to a
magnetic field of 0.20 T. If the magnetic flux density is steadily
reduced to zero, taking 0.50 s, determine
a. the initial magnetic flux linkage.
b. the induced emf.
4 2
Solution : A  8.0  10 m ; N  50 turns; Bi  0.20 T; Bf  0;
dt  0.50 s 
B

A   0

a. The initial magnetic flux linkage is given by

initial magnetic flux linkage  NΦ i
 NBi A cos 
23
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Solution : A  8.0  10 4 m 2 ; N  50 turns; Bi  0.20 T; Bf  0;
dt  0.50 s
a. 
 500.20 8.0  10 4 cos 0 
initial magnetic flux linkage  8.0  10 3 Wb
b. The induced emf is given by
dB
   NA cos  and dB  Bf  Bi
dt
 Bf  Bi 
  NA cos   
 dt 
 
 50 8.0  10 cos 0 
4

  0  0.20 

 0.50 
2
  1.6  10 V
24
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Example 6 :
A narrow coil of 10 turns and diameter of 4.0 cm is placed
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of 1.20 T. After 0.25 s, the
diameter of the coil is increased to 5.3 cm.
a. Calculate the change in the area of the coil.
b. If the coil has a resistance of 2.4 , determine the induced
current in the coil.
2 2
Solution : N  10 turns; d i  4.0  10 m; d f  5.3  10 m;
B  1.2 T; dt  0.25 s
 
B B
 
A A

Initial   0 Final
25
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Solution : N  10 turns; d i  4.0  10 2 m; d f  5.3  10 2 m;
B  1.2 T; dt  0.25 s
a. The change in the area of the coil is given by
dA  Af  Ai
 d f 2   d i 2 
  
  4 

 4   
 2

 df  di
4
2



  5.3  10
4
2 2
 
 4.0  10 
2 2 


4 2
dA  9.5  10 m

26
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Solution : N  10 turns; d i  4.0  10 2 m; d f  5.3  10 2 m;
B  1.2 T; dt  0.25 s
b. Given R  2.4 
The induced emf in the coil is
 dA 
  NB cos   
 dt 
 4


 101.2  cos 0 


9 . 5
0

.
10
25


 
  4.56  10 2 V
Therefore the induced current in the coil is given by
  IR
4.56  10 2  I 2.4 
2
I  1.9  10 A
27
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
7.2.2 Lenz’s law
 states that an induced electric current always flows in such a
direction that it opposes the change producing it. it
 This law is essentially a form of the law of conservation of
energy.
energy
 An illustration of lenz’s law can be explained by
the following experiments.
1st experiment:
Direction of
 In Figure 7.6 the magnitude induced current –
of the magnetic field at the Right hand grip
solenoid increases as the rule.
I

N
bar magnet is moved
North pole
towards it.
 An emf is induced in the
solenoid and the
galvanometer indicates that
a current is flowing.
I
Figure 7.6 28
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 To determine the direction of the current through the
galvanometer which corresponds to a deflection in a particular
sense, then the current through the solenoid seen is in the
direction that make the solenoid upper end becomes a
north pole.
pole This opposes the motion of the bar magnet and
obey the lenz’s law.
law
2nd experiment:
 Consider a straight conductor PQ X X X QX X X X X
is placed perpendicular to the
X X X X X X X X
magnetic field and move the 
conductor to the left with constant 
X Xv X XF X X X X
velocity v as shown in Figure 7.7.
X X X X X X X X
 When the conductor move to the I
left thus the induced current X X X X X X X X
needs to flow in such a way to
X X X PX X X X X
oppose the change which has
induced it based on lenz’s law. Figure 7.7
Hence galvanometer shows a
deflection. Stimulation 7.2 29
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 To determine the direction of the induced current (induced
emf) flows in the conductor PQ, the Fleming’s right hand
(Dynamo) rule is used as shown in Figure 7.8.

  (motion )
B
Note:
Thumb – direction of Motion

induced I OR First finger – direction of Field

induced emf Second finger – direction of induced

Figure 7.8
current OR induced emf
 Therefore the induced current flows from Q to P as shown in
Figure 7.7.
 Since the induced current flows in the conductor PQ and is
placed in the magnetic field then this conductor will
experience magnetic force.
force
 Its direction is in the opposite direction of the motion.
motion 30
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
3rd experiment:
 Consider two solenoids P and Q arranged coaxially closed to
each other as shown in Figure 7.9a.
 ind

S N N S
P
I Switch , S I
+ Q -I
I ind ind

Figure 7.9a
 closed current I begins
At the moment when the switch S is closed,
to flow in the solenoid P and producing a magnetic field inside
the solenoid P. Suppose that the field points towards the
solenoid Q.
31
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 The magnetic flux through the solenoid Q increases with
time.
time According to Faraday’s law ,an induced current due to
induced emf will exist in solenoid Q.
 The induced current flows in solenoid Q must produce a
magnetic field that oppose the change producing it (increase
in flux). Hence based on Lenz’s law, the induced current flows
in circuit consists of solenoid Q is anticlockwise (Figure 7.9a)
and the galvanometer shows a deflection.
 ind

S N S N
P - Q +
I Switch, S I I ind I ind

Figure 7.9b
32
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 opened the current I
At the moment when the switch S is opened,
starts to decrease in the solenoid P and magnetic flux through
the solenoid Q decreases with time.time According to Faraday’s
law ,an induced current due to induced emf will exist in
solenoid Q.
 The induced current flows in solenoid Q must produce a
magnetic field that oppose the change producing it (decrease
in flux). Hence based on Lenz’s law, the induced current flows
in circuit consists of solenoid Q is clockwise (Figure 7.9b)
and the galvanometer seen to deflect in the opposite direction
of Figure 7.9a.

Stimulation 7.3
33
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Example 7 :
A single turn of circular shaped coil has a resistance of 20  and an
area of 7.0 cm2. It moves toward the north pole of a bar magnet as
shown in Figure 7.10.

Figure 7.10
If the average rate of change of magnetic flux density through the
coil is 0.55 T s1,
a. determine the induced current in the coil
b. state the direction of the induced current observed by the
observer shown in Figure 7.10.
34
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
4 dB
2
Solution : N  1 turn; R  20 ; A  7.0  10 m ;  0.55 T s 1
a. By applying the Faraday’s law of induction, thus
dt
d 
  N and Φ  BA cos180
dt
d
  N  BA
dt
dB
 NA
dt
  
 1 7.0  10 0.55
4

  3.85  10 4 V
Therefore the induced current in the coil is given by
  IR
3.85  10 4  I 20 
I  1.93  10 5 A 35
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Solution :
b. Based on the lenz’s law, hence the direction of induced current is
clockwise as shown in figure below.

S I ind N

36
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
7.2.3 Induced emf in a straight conductor
 Consider a straight conductor PQ of length l is moved

perpendicular with velocity v across a uniform magnetic field B

as shown in Figure 7.11. 
X X X X X X PX X B

X X X X X X X X
Area, A
X X lX X X X X X
X I
X X X X v X X indX

X X X X X X X X  ind
X X X X X x X QX X
Figure 7.11
 When the conductor moves through a distance x in time t, the
area swept out by the conductor is given by
A  lx
37
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 Since the motion of the conductor is perpendicular to the
magnetic field B hence the magnetic flux cutting by the
conductor is given by

Φ  BA cos  and   0
Φ  Blx cos 0 Φ  Blx
 According to Faraday’s law, the emf is induced in the conductor
and its magnitude is given by
d

dt
d
  Blx 
dt
dx dx
  Bl and v
dt dt
  Blv (7.8)
38
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 In general, the magnitude of the induced emf in the straight
conductor is given by

  lvB sin  (7.9)

 
where θ : angle between v and B
 This type of induced emf is known as motional induced emf.

 The direction of the induced current or induced emf in the

straight conductor can be determined by using the Fleming’s
right hand rule (based on Lenz’s law).
 In the case of Figure 7.11, the direction of the induced current or
induced emf is from Q to P. Therefore P is higher potential than
Note: Q.
 Eq. (7.9) also can be used for a single turn of rectangular coil
moves across the uniform magnetic field.
field
 For a rectangular coil of N turns,
turns
  NlvB sin  (7.10)
39
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Example 8 :
A 20 cm long metal rod CD is moved at speed of 25 m s1 across a
uniform magnetic field of flux density 250 mT. The motion of the rod
is perpendicular to the magnetic field as shown in Figure 7.12.
C 
B

25 m s 1

Figure 7.12
D
a. Calculate the motional induced emf in the rod.
b. If the rod is connected in series to the resistor of resistance
15 , determine
i. the induced current and its direction.
ii. the total charge passing through the resistor in two minute. 40
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Solution : l  20  10 2 m; v  25 m s 1 ; B  250  10 3 T;
a. By applying the equation for motional induced emf, thus

  lvB sin  and   90
  
 20  10 2 25 250  10 3 sin 90
  1.25 V
b. Given R  15 
i. By applying the Ohm’s law, thus
  IR 1.25  I 15
I  8.33  10 2 A
By using the Fleming’s right hand rule, the direction of the
induced current is from D to C.
C
 
ii. Given t  2 60  120 s
The total charge passing through the resistor is given by
Q  It  
Q  8.33  10 2 120
Q  10 C 41
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
7.2.4 Induced emf in a rotating coil
 Consider a rectangular coil of N turns, each of area A, being

rotated mechanically with a constant angular velocity  in a

uniform magnetic field of flux density B aboutan axis as shown
in Figure 7.13. B

N
ω


A
S
coil
Figure 7.13: side view
 When the vector of area, A is at an angle  to the magnetic
field B, the magnetic flux  through each turn of the coil is
given by   BA cos  and   t
  BA cos t 42
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 By applying the equation of Faraday’s law for a coil of N turns,
thus the induced emf is given by
d
  N
dt
d
  N BA cos t 
dt
d
  NBA cos t 
dt
  NBA sin t (7.11)

where t : time
 The induced emf is maximum when sin t  1 hence
 max  NBA (7.12)
2
where   2f 
T 43
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 Eq. (7.11) also can be written as

  NBA sin  (7.13)

 
where  : angle between A and B
 Conclusion : A coil rotating with constant angular velocity in a
uniform magnetic field produces a sinusoidally alternating
emf as shown by the induced emf  against time t graph in
Figure 7.14.ε V 
ε  ε max sin ωt Stimulation 7.4
Note:
 max
This phenomenon
was the important
part in the 0 t
development of 0.5T T 1.5T 2T
the electric   max
generator or 
dynamo.
dynamo B

Figure 7.14 44
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Example 9 :
A rectangular coil of 100 turns has a dimension of 10 cm  15 cm. It
rotates at a constant angular velocity of 200 rpm in a uniform
magnetic field of flux density 5.0 T. Calculate
a. the maximum emf produced by the coil,
b. the induced emf at the instant when the plane of the coil makes
an angle of 38 to the magnetic field.
Solution : N  100 turns; B  5.0 T
The area of the coil is
  
A  10  10 2 15  10 2  1.5 10 2 m 2
and the constant angular velocity in rad s1 is
 200 rev  2 rad  1 min 
    
 1 min  1 rev  60 s 
  20.9 rad s 1
45
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Solution : N  100 turns; B  5.0 T
a. The maximum emf produced by the coil is given by
 max  NBA
 1005.01.5 10 2 20.9
 max  157 V

b. B From the figure, the angle  is
38    90  38  52
 Therefore the induced emf is given by
   NBA sin 
A
 1005.0 1.5  10 2 20.9 sin 52
  124 V

46
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Exercise 7.1 :
1. A bar magnet is held above a loop of wire in a horizontal
plane, as shown in Figure 7.15.
The south end of the magnet is toward the
loop of the wire. The magnet is dropped
toward the loop. Determine the direction of
the current through the resistor
a. while the magnet falling toward the loop,
b. after the magnet has passed through the
loop and moves away from it.
(Physics for scientists and engineers,6th
edition, Serway&Jewett, Q15, p.991)
ANS. : U think

Figure 7.15

47
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
2. A straight conductor of length 20 cm moves in a uniform magnetic
field of flux density 20 mT at a constant speed of 10 m s-1. The
velocity makes an angle 30 to the field but the conductor is
perpendicular to the field. Determine the induced emf.
ANS. : 2.0102 V
3. A coil of area 0.100 m2 is rotating at 60.0 rev s-1 with the axis of
rotation perpendicular to a 0.200 T magnetic field.
a. If the coil has 1000 turns, determine the maximum emf
generated in it.
b. What is the orientation of the coil with respect to the
magnetic field when the maximum induced emf occurs?
(Physics for scientists and engineers,6th edition,Serway&Jewett, Q35,
p.996)
ANS. : 7.54103 V
4. A circular coil has 50 turns and diameter 1.0 cm. It rotates at a
constant angular velocity of 25 rev s1 in a uniform magnetic field of
flux density 50 T. Determine the induced emf when the plane of
the coil makes an angle 55 to the magnetic field.
ANS. : 1.77105 V 48
 PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Learning Outcome:
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics

7.3 Self-inductance (1 hour)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Define self-inductance.
 Apply formulae

 0 N 2 A
L 
dI dt l
for a loop and solenoid.

49
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7

7.3 Self-inductance
7.3.1 Self-induction
 Consider a solenoid which is connected to a battery , a switch S
and variable resistor R, forming an open circuit as shown in
Figure 7.16a.  When the switch S is closed, a current

I begins to flow in the solenoid.

S N  The current produces a magnetic
field whose field lines through the
solenoid and generate the magnetic
I I flux linkage.
linkage
S R
 If the resistance of the variable
resistor changes,
changes thus the current
Figure 7.16a: initial flows in the solenoid also changed,
changed
then so too does magnetic flux
linkage.
linkage
50
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 According to the Faraday’s law, an emf has to be induced in
the solenoid itself since the flux linkage changes.
changes
 In accordance with Lenz’s law, the induced emf opposes the
changes that has induced it and it is known as a back emf.
emf
 For the current I increases :
εind
- +
SN SN
I ind I
I I ind
Figure 7.16b: I increases

Direction of the induced emf is in the

opposite direction of the current I.

51
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 For the current I decreases :
εind
+ -
SS NN
I ind I
I I ind
Figure 7.16c: I decreases

Direction of the induced emf is in the

same direction of the current I.

 This process is known as self-induction.

 Self-induction is defined as the process of producing an
induced emf in the coil due to a change of current flowing
through the same coil.
coil
52
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Self-induction experiment
 The effect of the self-induction can be demonstrated by the
circuit shown in Figure 7.17a.
 switch, S

iron-core lamp A1

coil, L
R lamp A2

Figure 7.17a
 Initially variable resistor R is adjusted so that the two lamps have
the same brightness in their respective circuits with steady
current flowing.
 When the switch S is closed, the lamp A2 with variable resistor R
is seen to become bright almost immediately but the lamp A1
with iron-core coil L increases slowly to full brightness.
53
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 Reason:
 The coil L undergoes the self-induction and induced emf
in it. The induced or back emf opposes the growth of
current so the glow in the lamp A1 increases slowly.
slowly
 The resistor R, however has no back emf, hence the lamp
A2 glow fully bright as soon as switch S is closed.
closed
 This effect can be shown by the graph of current I against
time t through both lamps in Figure 7.17b.
I lamp A2 with resistor R
I0

lamp A1 with coil L

0 t
Figure 7.17b
54
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Example 10 :
A circuit contains an iron-cored coil L, a switch S, a resistor R and
a dc source  arranged in series as shown in Figure 7.18.
The switch S is closed for a long
time and is suddenly opened. switch, S
Explain why a spark jump across the
switch contacts S .
 coil, L
Figure 7.18

R
Solution :
 When the switch S is suddenly opened, the current in the

circuit starts to fall very rapidly and induced a maximum emf

in the coil L which tends to maintain the current.
 This back emf is high enough to break down the insulation of

the air between the switch contacts S and a spark can easily
appear at the switch. 55
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
7.3.2 Self-inductance, L
 From the self-induction phenomenon, we get
ΦL  I
Φ L  LI (7.14)
where L : self - inductance of the coil
I : current
 L : magnetic flux linkage
 From the Faraday’s law, thus
d L
 
dt
d
  LI 
dt
dI
  L (7.15)
dt
56
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 Self-inductance is defined as the ratio of the self induced
(back) emf to the rate of change of current in the coil.
coil
OR

L
dI / dt
 For the coil of N turns, thus
d dI
  N and   L
dt dt
dI d
 L  N
dt dt

L dI  N d  magnetic flux linkage
LI  N
N  L
L  (7.16)
I I 57
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 It is a scalar quantity and its unit is henry (H).
(H)
 Unit conversion :
1 H  1 Wb A 1  1 T m 2 A 1
 The value of the self-inductance depends on
 the size and shape of the coil,
coil
 the number of turn (N),
 the permeability of the medium in the coil ().
 A circuit element which possesses mainly self-inductance is
known as an inductor.
inductor It is used to store energy in the form
of magnetic field.
field
 The symbol of inductor in the electrical circuit is shown in Figure
7.19.

Figure 7.19

58
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
7.3.3 Self-inductance of a solenoid
 The magnetic flux density at the centre of the air-core
solenoid is given by  NI
0
B
l
 The magnetic flux passing through each turn of the solenoid
always maximum and is given by
  BA cos 0
  0 NI   0 NIA
 A 
 l  l
 Therefore the self-inductance of the solenoid is given by
N N   0 NIA 
L L  
I I  l 
0 N 2 A
L (7.17)
l 59
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Example 11 :
A 500 turns of solenoid is 8.0 cm long. When the current in the
solenoid is increased from 0 to 2.5 A in 0.35 s, the magnitude of the
induced emf is 0.012 V. Calculate
a. the inductance of the solenoid,
b. the cross-sectional area of the solenoid,
c. the final magnetic flux linkage through the solenoid.
(Given 0 = 4  107 H m1)
2
Solution : N  500 turns; l  8.0  10 m; I i  0; I f  2.5 A;
dt  0.35 s;   0.012 V
a. The change in the current is
dI  I f  I i dI  2.5  0
dI  2.5 A
Therefore the inductance of the solenoid is given by
dI  2.5 
 L 0.012  L 
dt  0.35 
L  1.68  10 3 H 60
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Solution : N  500 turns; l  8.0  10 2 m; I i  0; I f  2.5 A;
dt  0.35 s;   0.012 V
b. By using the equation of self-inductance for the solenoid, thus
0 N 2 A
L
l
3
1.68  10 
4  10 7
 
500 2
A
8.0  10  2
4 2
A  4.28  10 m
c. The final magnetic flux linkage is given by
 L f  LI f
 
 1.68  10 3 2.5
 L f  4.2  10 3 Wb
61
 PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Learning Outcome:
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics

7.4 Energy stored in an inductor (½ hour)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Derive and use formulae for energy stored in an
inductor,
1 2
U  LI
2

62
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7

7.4 Energy stored in an inductor

 Consider an inductor of inductance L. Suppose that at time t,
the current in the inductor is in the process of building up to its
steady value I at a rate dI/dt.
 The magnitude of the back emf  is given by
dI
 L
dt
 The electrical power P in overcoming the back emf in the circuit
is given by P  I
dI
P  LI
dt
Pdt  LIdI and Pdt  dU
dU  LIdI (7.18)
63
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 inductor U as the current
The total energy stored in the inductor,
increases from 0 to I can be found by integrating the eq. (7.18).
Thus U I
 dU  L  IdI
0 0

1 2
U  LI (7.19)
2
1
and analogous to U  CV 2 in capacitor
2
 For a long air-core solenoid, the self-inductance is
0 N 2 A
L
l
Therefore the energy stored in the solenoid is given by

1 2 1   0 N 2 AI 2 
U  LI U   

(7.20)
2 2 l  64
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Example 12 :
A solenoid of length 25 cm with an air-core consists of 100 turns
and diameter of 2.7 cm. Calculate
a. the self-inductance of the solenoid, and
b. the energy stored in the solenoid,
if the current flows in it is 1.6 A.
(Given 0 = 4  107 H m1)
2 2
Solution : N  100 turns; l  25  10 m; d  2 .7  10 m
a. The cross-sectional area of the solenoid is given by
d  2.7 10
2

2 2
A   5.73 10  4 m 2
4 4
Hence the self-inductance of the solenoid is

L
0 N 2 A
L
4 10 100 5.73 10 
7 2 4

l 25 10  2
L  2.88  10 5 H 65
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Solution : N  100 turns; l  25 10 2 m; d  2.7  10 2 m
b. Given I  1 .6 A
By applying the equation of energy stored in the inductor, thus
1 2
U  LI
2
1
 2.88  10 1.6 
5 2

2
U  3.69 10 5 J

66
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Exercise 7.2 :
Given 0 = 4  107 H m1
1. An emf of 24.0 mV is induced in a 500 turns coil at an instant
when the current is 4.00 A and is changing at the rate of
10.0 A s-1. Determine the magnetic flux through each turn of
the coil.
(Physics for scientists and engineers,6th edition,Serway&Jewett,
Q6, p.1025)
ANS. : 1.92105 Wb
2. A 40.0 mA current is carried by a uniformly wound air-core
solenoid with 450 turns, a 15.0 mm diameter and 12.0 cm
length. Calculate
a. the magnetic field inside the solenoid,
b. the magnetic flux through each turn,
c. the inductance of the solenoid.
ANS. : 1.88104 T; 3.33108 Wb; 3.75104 H
67
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
3. A current of 1.5 A flows in an air-core solenoid of 1 cm radius
and 100 turns per cm. Calculate
a. the self-inductance per unit length of the solenoid.
b. the energy stored per unit length of the solenoid.
ANS. : 0.039 H m1; 4.4102 J m1
4. At the instant when the current in an inductor is increasing at
a rate of 0.0640 A s1, the magnitude of the back emf is
0.016 V.
a. Calculate the inductance of the inductor.
b. If the inductor is a solenoid with 400 turns and the
current flows in it is 0.720 A, determine
i. the magnetic flux through each turn,
ii. the energy stored in the solenoid.
ANS. : 0.250 H; 4.5104 Wb; 6.48102 J
5. At a particular instant the electrical power supplied to a
300 mH inductor is 20 W and the current is 3.5 A. Determine
the rate at which the current is changing at that instant.
ANS. : 19 A s1 68
 PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Learning Outcome:
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics

7.5 Mutual inductance (2 hours)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Define mutual inductance.
 Derive and use formulae for mutual inductance of two
coaxial coils,

N 212 0 N1 N 2 A
M 12  
I1 l
 Explain the working principle of transformer and the
effect of eddy current in transformer.

69
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
7.5 Mutual inductance
7.5.1 Mutual induction 
 Consider two circular close- B1
packed coils near each other 
and sharing a common B1
central axis as shown in
Figure 7.20.
 A current I1 flows in coil 1,
produced by the battery in the
external circuit.
 The current I1 produces a
magnetic field lines inside it I1
and this field lines also pass
through coil 2 as shown in Coil 1 Coil 2
Figure 7.20.

Figure 7.2070
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 If the current I1 changes with time,
time the magnetic flux through
coils 1 and 2 will change with time simultaneously.
 Due to the change of magnetic flux through coil 2, an emf is
induced in coil 2.
2 This is in accordance to the Faraday’s law
of induction.
induction
 In other words, a change of current in one coil leads to the
production of an induced emf in a second coil which is
magnetically linked to the first coil.
coil
 This process is known as mutual induction.
 Mutual induction is defined as the process of producing an
induced emf in one coil due to the change of current in
another coil.
 At the same time, the self-induction occurs in coil 1 since the
magnetic flux through it changes.
changes

71
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
7.5.2 Mutual inductance, M
 From the Figure 7.20, consider the coils 1 and 2 have N1 and N2
turns respectively.
 If the current I1 in coil 1 changes, the magnetic flux through coil 2
will change with time and an induced emf will occur in coil 2, 2
where dI1
2  
dt
dI1
 2   M 12 (7.21)
dt
 If vice versa, the induced emf in coil 1, 1 is given by
dI 2
 1   M 21 (7.22)
dt
where M 12  M 21  M : Mutual inductance
 It is a scalar quantity and its unit is henry (H).
(H) 72
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 Mutual inductance is defined as the ratio of induced emf in a
coil to the rate of change of current in another coil.
coil
 From the Faraday’s law for the coil 2, thus
d 2
 2  N2
dt
dI1 d 2
 M 12  N2
dt dt
M 12  
dI1  N 2 d 2 magnetic flux linkage magnetic flux linkage
through coil 2 through coil 1
M 12 I1  N 2  2
N 2 2
M 12 
I1
N 2  2 N11
and M  (7.23)
N11 I1 I2
M 21 
I2 73
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
7.5.3 Mutual inductance for two solenoids
 Consider a long solenoid with length l and cross sectional area

A is closely wound with N1 turns of wire. A coil with N2 turns

surrounds it at its centre as shown in Figure 7.21.

N2 N1
N1: primary coil
I1 I1 N2: secondary coil
l
Figure 7.21
 When a current I1 flows in the primary coil (N1), it produces a
magnetic field B1,  0 N1 I 1
B1 
l 74
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
and then the magnetic flux Ф1,
  0 N1 I 1 A
1  B1 A cos 0 1 
l
 If no magnetic flux leakage,
leakage thus
1   2
 If the current I1 changes, an emf is induced in the secondary
coils, therefore the mutual inductance occurs and is given by
N 2 2
M 12 
I1
 N 2   0 N1 I 1 A
M 12   
 I1  l
 0 N1 N 2 A
M 12  M  (7.24)
l
75
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Example 13 :
A current of 3.0 A flows in coil C and is produced a magnetic flux
of 0.75 Wb in it. When a coil D is moved near to coil C coaxially, a
flux of 0.25 Wb is produced in coil D. If coil C has 1000 turns and
coil D has 5000 turns.
a. Calculate self-inductance of coil C and the energy stored in C
before D is moved near to it.
b. Calculate the mutual inductance of the coils.
c. If the current in C decreasing uniformly from 3.0 A to zero in

0.25 s, calculate
I  3.0the
A; induced
  0.emf in coil
75 Wb;  D. 0.25 Wb;
C C D
Solution :N  1000 turns; N D  5000 turns
C

N C C
a. The self-inductance
LC  LC 

of coil C1000 0.75
is given 
by
IC 3.0
LC  250 H 76
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Solution :I C  3.0 A;  C  0.75 Wb;  D  0.25 Wb;
N C  1000 turns; N D  5000 turns
a. and the energy stored in C is
1 2
U C  LC I C
2
1
 250 3.0 
2

2
U C  1125 J
b. The mutual inductance of the coils is given by
N D D
M
IC

50000.25
3.0
M  417 H
77
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Solution : I C  3.0 A;  C  0.75 Wb;  D  0.25 Wb;
N C  1000 turns; N D  5000 turns
c. Given dt  0.25 s; dI C  0  3.0  3.0 A
The induced emf in coil D is given by
dI C
 D  M
dt
 417 
 3.0 
0.25
 D  5004 V

78
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
7.5.4 Transformer
 is an electrical instrument to increase or decrease the emf
(voltage) of an alternating current.
 Consider a structure of the transformer as shown in Figure 7.22.
laminated iron core

alternating
voltage source NP NS
turns turns
primary coil secondary coil

Figure 7.22

 If NP > NS the transformer is a step-down transformer.

transformer
 If NP < NS the transformer is a step-up transformer.
transformer
79
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 The symbol of transformer in the electrical circuit is shown in
Figure 7.23.

Figure 7.23
Working principle of transformer
 When an alternating voltage source is applied to the primary
coil, the alternating current produces an alternating magnetic
flux concentrated in the iron core.
 Without no magnetic flux leakage from the iron core, the same
changing magnetic flux passes through the secondary coil and
inducing an alternating emf.
 After that the induced current is produced in the secondary coil.
80
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 The characteristics of an ideal transformer are:
 Zero resistance of primary coil.
coil
 No magnetic flux leakage from the iron core.core
 No dissipation of energy and power.
power
Formula of transformer
 According to the mutual inductance, the induced emf in the
primary and secondary coils are given by
d P
 P  NP (7.25)
dt
d S
and  S   NS (7.26)
dt
 For an ideal transformer, there is no flux leakage thus
d P d S

dt dt
81
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 By dividing eqs. (7.25) and (7.26), hence
d P
 NP
P dt  P NP
 
 S  N d S  S NS
S
dt
 There is no dissipation of power for the ideal transformer,
transformer
therefore PP  PS where PP : power of primary
I P P  I S S PS : power of secondary
 P IS

S IP
 In general,

 P VP N P I S
   (7.27)
 S VS N S I P
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Energy losses in transformer
 Although transformers are very efficient devices, small energy
losses do occur in them owing to four main causes:
 Resistance of coils

The wire used for the primary and secondary coils has
resistance and so ordinary (I2R) heat losses occur.
Overcome : The transformer coils are made of thick
copper wire.
wire
 Hysteresis

The magnetization of the core is repeatedly reversed by

the alternating magnetic field.
field The resulting expenditure
of energy in the core appears as heat.
heat
Overcome : By using a magnetic material (such as
Mumetal) which has a low hysteresis loss.
loss
 Flux leakage

The flux due to the primary may not all link the secondary.
Some of the flux loss in the air.
air
Overcome : By designing one of the insulated coils is
wound directly on top of the other rather than having two
separate coils. 83
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 Eddy current
The alternating magnetic flux induces eddy currents in
the iron core.
core By Lenz’s law, the eddy currents are induced
in such a direction to oppose the magnetic flux changes.
changes
This current causes heating and dissipation of power in
the core.
core
Overcome : The effect is reduced by using laminated iron
core as shown in Figures 7.24a and 7.24b.

Stimulation 7.5 Figure 7.24a Figure 7.24b

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Example 14 :
In an alternating current (ac) transformer in which the primary and
secondary windings are perfectly coupled, there is no current flows
in the primary when there is no load in the secondary. When the
secondary is connected to resistors, a current of 5 A is observed to
flow in the primary under an applied voltage of 100 V. If the primary
contains 100 turns and the secondary 25000 turns, calculate
a. the voltage,
b. the current in the secondary.
Solution : I P  5 A; VP  100 V; N P  100 turns;
N S  25000 turns
a. By applying the formula of transformer,
VP N P 100 100
 
VS N S VS 25000
VS  25000 V
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PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Solution : I P 5 A; VP  100 V; N P  100 turns;
N S  25000 turns
b. The current in the secondary coil is given by
NP IS

NS IP
100 IS

25000 5
I S  0.02 A

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Learning Outcome:
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics

7.6 Back emf in DC motor (½ hour)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Explain back emf and its effect on DC motor.

87
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7

7.6 Back emf in DC motor

 Figure 7.25 shows a simple direct-current (dc) motor.


F 
F

Figure 7.25
88
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 When a current, I flows in the coil of the armature which is
placed in a uniform magnetic field, a magnetic force is produced
and causes the coil to rotate as shown in Figure 7.25.
 As the coil rotates, its magnetic flux changes and so an emf is
induced across the coil. (Faraday’s law)
 By Lenz’s law this induced emf opposes the current which is
making the coil to turn and this emf is called back emf (εB).
 The back emf is given by
 B  NBA
 As the motor speeds up,up the back emf, εB increases because
frequency f.
it is proportional to the frequency,

 initial f initial
B  f so  (7.28)
 final f final

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PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 When the motor is first switched on,
on the back emf is zero:
zero it
rises as the motor speeds up.
up
 When the motor is running freely,
freely the back emf is nearly
equal to the supply voltage and so there will not be much
current drawn.
drawn
 When a load is applied to the motor, the motor slows down, down
the back emf falls,
falls and so the current in the coil increases.
increases
 Figure 7.25 also can be simplified into the circuit shown in
Figure 7.26.

Motor
εB R

V Loop I
Figure 7.26 90
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
 By applying the Kirchhoff’s 2nd law to the Figure 7.26,

    IR
V   B  IR (7.29)
2
 Eq. (7.29)  I  IV  I B  I R

IV  I B  I 2 R (7.30)

where IV : power supplied

IεB : mechanical power
I2R : power lost as heat in coil

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PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Example 15 :
A motor rotates at a rate of 1000 revolutions per minute. The supply
voltage is 240 V and the resistance of the armature is 2.5 .
a. Calculate the back emf if the current in the armature is 7.5 A.
A load is applied to the motor and the speed of the rotation is found
to decrease to 500 revolutions per minute. Calculate
b. the back emf now.
c. the new current in the armature.
d. the mechanical power produced by the motor.
Solution : 0  1000 rpm; V  240 V; R  2.5 
a. Given I  7 .5 A
The back emf in the armature is given by
V  ε B  IR
240  ε B  7.52.5
 B  221 V
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PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Solution : 0  1000 rpm; V  240 V; R  2.5 
b. Given   500 rpm
The new back emf in the armature is given by
εi  0 221 1000 rpm
 
εf  f 500 rpm
 f  111 V
c. The new current in the armature is
V  ε B  IR
240  111  I 2.5
I  51.6 A
d. The mechanical power produced by the motor is given by
mechanical power  I B
 51.6 111 
mechanical power  5.73  103 W
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PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
Exercise 7.3 :
1. The primary coil of a solenoid of radius 2.0 cm has 500 turns
and length of 24 cm. If the secondary coil with 80 turns
surrounds the primary coil at its centre, calculate
a. the mutual inductance of the coils
b. the magnitude of induced emf in the secondary coil if
the current in primary coil changes at the rate 4.8 A s1.
ANS. : 2.63102 H; 0.126 V
2. A transformer, assumed to be 100% efficient, is used with a
supply voltage of 120 V. The primary winding has 50 turns. The
required output voltage is 3000 V. The output power is 200 W.
a. Name this type of transformer.
b. Calculate the number of turns in the secondary
winding.
c. Calculate the current supplied to the primary winding
ANS. : 1250 turns; 1.67 A
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PHYSICS CHAPTER 7
3. A transformer with a 100 turns primary coil and a 500 turns
secondary coil is connected to a supply voltage of 2.0 V.
Calculate the output voltage and the maximum current in
secondary coil if the current in primary coil is to be limited to
0.10 A.
ANS. : 10 V; 0.020 A
4. The resistance of the armature of a dc motor is 0.75 . A
supply of 240 V is connected to this motor. When the motor
rotates freely without load, the current in the armature is 4.0 A
and the rate of rotation is 400 rpm.Calculate
a. the back emf produced.
b. the mechanical power generated.
If a load is applied, the current increases to 60 A. Calculate
c. the back emf now.
d. the mechanical power.
e. the rotation speed of the armature.
ANS. : 237 V; 948 W; 195 V; 11.7 kW; 329 rpm 95
PHYSICS CHAPTER 7

Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 8 :
Alternating current

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