CMOS Complementary metaloxidesemiconductor (CMOS) ( /sims/) is a technology for constructing integrated circuits.

CMOS technology is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for several analog circuits such as image sensors (CMOS sensor), data converters, and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication. Frank Wanlass patented CMOS in 1967 (US patent 3,356,858). CMOS is also sometimes referred to as complementary-symmetry metaloxide semiconductor (or COS-MOS).[1] The words "complementary-symmetry" refer to the fact that the typical digital design style with CMOS uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) for logic functions. Two important characteristics of CMOS devices are high noise immunity and low static power consumption. Significant power is only drawn when the transistors in the CMOS device are switching between on and off states. Consequently, CMOS devices do not produce as much waste heat as other forms of logic, for example transistor-transistor logic (TTL) or NMOS logic. CMOS also allows a high density of logic functions on a chip. It was primarily for this reason that CMOS became the most used technology to be implemented in VLSI chips. The phrase "metaloxidesemiconductor" is a reference to the physical structure of certain field-effect transistors, having a metal gate electrode placed on top of an oxide insulator, which in turn is on top of a semiconductor material. Aluminum was once used but now the material is polysilicon. Other metal gates have made a comeback with the advent of high-k dielectric materials in the CMOS process, as announced by IBM and Intel for the 45 nanometer node and beyond. "CMOS" refers to both a particular style of digital circuitry design, and the family of processes used to implement that circuitry on integrated circuits (chips). CMOS circuitry dissipates less power than logic families with resistive loads. Since this advantage has increased and grown more important, CMOS processes and variants have come to dominate, thus the vast majority of modern integrated circuit manufacturing is on CMOS processes.[3] As of 2010, CPUs with the best performance per watt each year have been CMOS static logic since 1976. CMOS circuits use a combination of p-type and n-type metaloxidesemiconductor fieldeffect transistors (MOSFETs) to implement logic gates and other digital circuits found in computers, telecommunications equipment, and signal processing equipment. Although CMOS logic can be implemented with discrete devices (e.g., for instructional purposes in an introductory circuits class), typical commercial CMOS products are integrated circuits composed of millions of transistors of both types on a rectangular piece of silicon of between 10 & 400mm2. These devices are commonly called "chips", although within the industry they are also referred to as "die" (singular) or "dice", or "dies" (plural).

Composition
The main principle behind CMOS circuits that allows them to implement logic gates is the use of p-type and n-type metaloxidesemiconductor field-effect transistors to create paths to the output from either the voltage source or ground. When a path to output is created from the voltage source, the circuit is said to be pulled up. The other circuit state occurs when a path to output is created from ground and the output pulled down to the ground potential.

Analog CMOS
Besides digital applications, CMOS technology is also used in analog applications. For example, there are CMOS operational amplifier ICs available in the market. Transmission gates may be used instead of signal relays. CMOS technology is also widely used for RF circuits all the way to microwave frequencies, in mixed-signal (analog+digital) applications.

Temperature range
Conventional CMOS devices work over a range of 55 C to +125 C. There were theoretical indications as early as August 2008 that silicon CMOS will work down to 233 C (40 K).[5] Functioning temperatures near 40 K have since been achieved using overclocked AMD Phenom II processors with a combination of liquid nitrogen and liquid helium cooling.

What are the advantages of CMOS circuits compared with TTL type?
CMOS devices can run on about 3 to 18 VDC Whereas, TTL voltage is fixed at 5VDC. CMOS devices are voltage driven, and use less power than TTL. A major concern if the Device is battery driven. Bread boarding experimental circuitry is easier with CMOS. TTL is susceptible to all kinds of noise problems as it is current driven. One disadvantage to CMOS, is it is not as fast as TTL. There are surly more, but these are, in my opinon the major advantages.

Any two advantages of CMOS over TTL?

1. Operates on a wider supply voltage (2 to 15 volts). Exception is 74HC CMOS limited to (2 to 7 volts).

2. Uses much less power, can operate on a small battery for a year or so. 3. Output swings the full supply voltage range. 4. Input switches at half the supply voltage for better noise immunity. 5. Input impedance is much higher so it doesn't load the driving circuit. 6. 74HC CMOS can supply 25mA of output current, both source and sink. -Bill

Source(s):
1.Bill Bowden through http://www.electronicspoint.com/differen

Advantages and disadvantages of TTL and CMOS ?

the only advantage to TTL is the chips are somewhat less sensitive to static so they are safer to handle and easier to interface to external connections. CMOS has additional modes of operation not available in TTL, ie buffers can act linear as amplifiers.

Why CMOS offers better advantages over BJT(bipolar junction transistor) as a switch?
What are the factors? This is because of how the CMOS and BJT work. If you use a N-channel BJT as a switch, if you apply current to the base that means it's "on" and when that happens yo have a voltage drop of 0.7V (approx.) between base-emitter nodes, take that 0.7V and multiply it times the base current and you get the the power the transistor itself is consuming when it's "on". Unlike the BJT the CMOS transistor does not conduct current between the gate (base) and the drain (emitter) because they are isolated by a dielectric (much like a capacitor), thus not consuming any power while in a steady state (either on or off). So there's the answer, a BJT consumes power while "on" and the CMOS doesn't, the CMOS consumes power just in the instant that switches from on to off and viceversa, so they consume more power in high frequency (HF) applications. But regardless of this, CMOS is more often used in HF integrated circuits because you can fit more CMOS transistors in a given area rather than using BJTs.

What are the advantages of cmos over nmos?

The most important advantage of CMOS is the very low static power consumption in compare with NMOS technology. On the other hand, CMOS technology is more complex

to fabricate then NMOS technology, so it is more expensive. However, almost every todays digital circuits are CMOS. You want to use NMOS only when you want to fabricate fast and low-cost a simple circuit. What is the greatest advantage of CMOS over TTL? CMOS has only 2 transistors where as TTL has a number of transistors and a number of resistors to perform the same function. Therefore CMOS has lower losses and are cheaper to manufacture than TTL What are the advantages of cmos over bipolar counterpart? Lower power dissipation (except at very very high switching rates, as almost all the power dissipated by CMOS is during switching). Advantages of cmos nand gates over ttl gates? Cheaper, smaller, less power consumption. What are the advantages of cmos? The advantages of CMOS are as follows: Low power consumption It has a wider voltage variation 3v to 15vdc The fan-out capacity of this device is high high input resistance.