BIFPCL Question Solve -2015

By
Tonmoy Sharif
EEE, BUET

1. Using Mesh analysis, Find out the Loop current. Where R=10 Ω

Loop =L, let take current flowing

Clock wise direction.

Using mesh L-2 L -3

60=10( I1+I2+I3+I2-I4+I1)
L-1
2I1+2I2+I3=5 --A
ON LOOP 1 AND 2, I1-I2= 2----------B
LOOP 2 AND 3, I3-I2=1-----------C
LOOP4, I4 =1 L- 4
SOLVING A, B ,C
I1= 2, I2= 0 ,I3 =1

2. Find the load RL for maximum power transfer and the maximum power
adsorbed by the load.

Rth = 5+3+2 = 10
Vth = 20+20 =40
So RL = 10

P max = 402 / [4 x 10]

3. How loss of protection of synchronous Generator provided?

Loss of excitation on sync gen is consequence of disturbance on field circuit, AVR malfunction, and
loss of supply on main exciter. In this case, generator takes reactive power for excitation from grid;
however, grid isn’t designed to provide reactive power. When loss of excitation takes place on
alternator, terminal voltage and rotor current falls to a significant value. As generator is providing
same real power so terminal voltage and stator current ration, V/I is checked from Generator
protection relay and it generate tripping signal namely, loss of excitation alarm to stop generator.

*When generator lost excitation, it starts drawing reactive power from system; another way to
measure LOE by measuring impedance near terminal. Terminal impedance loci will be 4 th quadrant
of R-X plane. So MHO offset relay to observe LOE can easily trip generator on loss of excitation
condition.

Note: *second explanation is out of BSC syllabus. I came to know this protection while working with AvK
Generator. As BUET is asking of only basic answer, so you may provide 1 st explanation.

4. What are the main components of coal? Name some types of coal? How fuel
quality can be recognized?

Fig : coal composition

The coal with the highest carbon content is the best and cleanest type of coal to use. As you move
down the coal rank the heat given out decreases and the dirtyness of the fuel and moisture content
increases.

Lignite coal

Used almost exclusively for electric power generation lignite is a young type of coal. Lignite is
brownish black, has a high moisture content (up to 45 %), and a high suphur content. Lignite is more
like soil than a rock and tends to disintegrate when exposed to the weather. Lignite is also called
brown coal.Lignite has a colorific value of less than 5 kw/kg approximately.
Subbituminous coal

Subbituminous coal is also called black lignite. Subbituminous coal black and contains 20-30 %
moisture. Subbituminous coal is used for generating electricity and space heating.
Subbitumnious coal has calorific values ranging from 5 - 6.8 kW/kG approximately.

Bituminous coal

Bituminous coal is a soft, dense, black coal. Bituminous coal often has bands of bright and dull
material in it. Bituminous coal is the most common coal and has a moisture content less than 20 %.
Bituminous coal is used for generating electricity, making coke, and space heating. Bituminous coal
has calorific values ranging from 6.8 - 9 kW/kG approximately.

Anthracite coal

Often referred to as hard coal, anthracite is hard, black and lustrous. Anthracite is low in suplhur and
high in carbon. It is the highest rank of coal. moisture content generally is less than 15 %.
Anthracite has a calorfific values of around 9 kW/kG or above

Coal Quality:

Coal quality parameters of greatest interest include ash, moisture, sulfur, and energy value (also
known as heat content). Although most coal operations can obtain this information about coal quality
by taking physical samples, then preparing the samples and analyzing them with laboratory
equipment, these processes often involve a time lag of up to 24 hours from gathering the sample to
final analysis results. In contrast coal analyzers provide analysis information each minute on material
being transported by conveyor either at the mine or the power plant. This timely coal quality
information in turn allows the operator to improve his process by taking timely process control
actions, such as sorting, blending, coal homogenization, or prep plant control.

There are several different types of coal analyzers. One of the most sophisticated analyzers uses a
technique known as prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) to determine the elemental
content of the coal. Another emerging technology for elemental analysis is Laser Induced Breakdown
Spectroscopy (LIBS). PGNAA and LIBS enable analysis of sulfur and ash
5. Find the proper current, voltage & power rating of the amplifier shown in
figure.

Let Vin = 0; IB =0;

So NPN transistor will be in cut off mode.
So no current will flow through Collector as both
Junctions are reversed biased.
So V0 = 24 as no current is flowing through 8 ohm
Power rating is Zero.

6. Using superposition theorem, determine the V of an Op-Amp.

Use super position for this problem.

Active source Vi1.

V01= ( 1+ 70/5) x [ 50 / ( 25+50)]

Active source Vi2.

V02= ( 1+ 70/5) x [ 25 / ( 25+50)]

V0= V01+V02 (answer)

7. Define mechanical efficiency, heat efficiency & plant efficiency.

Mechanical Efficiency: measures the effectiveness with which a mechanical system performs. It is
usually the ratio of the power delivered by a mechanical system to the power supplied to it, and,
because of friction, this efficiency is always less than one.

Heat Efficiency: The ratio of heat equivalent of mechanical energy transmitted to system (let
turbine shaft) to heat of combustion of fuel.
Plant Efficiency: the ratio between the useful electricity output from the generating unit, in a
specific time, and the energy value of the energy source supplied to the unit in the same time
period.

8. A voltmeter reading 240 volts, ammeter reading 10A, wattmeter reading

1200w, a) find power factor, b) comment on the type of load, c) what is the
reactive power that should be compensated if the pf is unity, d) what will be
the size of capacitor to achieve the target.

a) 1200 = 240 x 10 x pf
Pf= 0.5

b) Inductive.

c) Qvar = 1200 x [ tan ( inv cos 0.5 ) – tan ( inv cos (1))]
= 2078 Var

d) 2078 = 240 2 x 2πf x C ; consider f =50 Hz

C = 1.148 x10^-4 F

9. The rotor cu-loss of a 3-ɸ induction motor is 300w. For a slip of 4.5% Calculate
the electrical power converted to mechanical power.

S= 4.5/100 =0.045

S x Pag = 300
Pag = 6666.67
Pcoverted = ( 1-s) Pag
= 6366 W
10. A shunt dc machine has terminal voltage of 220 volts, line current 20A,
armature resistance 0.5 Ω, field resistance 110 Ω, find the induced e.m.f if the
machine is working as generator and motor.

Given,
VT = 220V, Ea = VT ± IaRa
IL = 20 A, = 220 ± 18 x 0.5
Ra = 0.5 Ω = 229, 211 v [ + for motor action , - for
generator action]
Rf = 110 Ω

If = Vt / Rf
= 2A

Ia = 20 -2 = 18A

11. What is the difference between feed water and cooling water of a steam
turbine plant?

Boiler feedwater is an essential part of boiler operations. The feed water is put in to the steam drum
from a feed pump. In the steam drum the feed water is then turned into steam from the heat. After
the feed water is used it is then dumped to the main condenser. From the condenser it is then
pumped to the deaerated feed tank. From this tank it then goes back to the steam drum to
complete its cycle. The feed water is never open to the atmosphere. This cycle is known as a closed
system or Rankine cycle.

The cooling water used to condense the steam in the condenser returns to its source without having
been changed other than having been warmed. If the water returns to a local water body (rather
than a circulating cooling tower), it is tempered with cool 'raw' water to prevent thermal shock
when discharged into that body of water.

12. Determine the equivalent transfer function of the system.

H1(S) 1/G2(S)

G1(S) G2(S)

P(s) = H1(S)/G2(S);
Q(S) = G1(s). G2(S);
Transfer function T(S)= C(S)/R(S)

= Q(S)/[1± Q(S)P(S)] ; ± depends on feed back system negative or positive

13. Determine the time of operation of a 5 amp, 3 sec over current relay having a
current setting of 125% and a time setting multiplier of 0.6 connected to supply
circuit through a 400/5 current transformer when the circuit carries a fault
current of 4000 A. Use the curve shown in the figure.

Fault current, If = 4000A

Rated current, Ip = 400 A

PSM = Fault current / ( current setting x rated current)

= 4000/(1.25 x 400)
=8
Operation time = 3.5 x0.6 = 2.1 sec
( use graph to find out time )

Other IDMT Tripping curve