University of Technology Jamaica

Faculty: Faculty of Education and Liberal Studies

Program: Industrial Technology (Electrical)

Academic Year 2021-2022

Semester: 2

Module: Applied Electronics

Date of Submission April 11, 2022

Student: Rickel Rowe

ID# 1807234

Lecturer: Mr. Nunes

Lab Technologist: Mr. Tulloch

Lab 1
Introduction

The experiment's purpose was to determine the voltage gain of each amplifier in a BJT. Before

verifying the voltage gain in the lab, we first modelled it. The gain of each of the three different

amplifier topologies was next investigated, and the measured characterisation findings were

compared to our simulated values.

Objectives:

• To verify the operating point for a Beta Stabilized Biasing Network

• To verify the voltage gain (AV) of a Common Emitter (CE) Amplifier

• To compare measured characterization results to simulation results

Methods and Materials

- Tekronix Model 571 Curve

- Digital Multimeter

- DC Power Supply

- Function Generator

- Oscilloscope

- 16Kohm Resistor

- 8.2Kohm Resistor

- (2) 1Kohm Resistor

- (3) 47 uF Capacitor

- 2N3904 Transistor

Experimental Procedures

First, I used the DMM to measure the resistance of Rc, Re, RB1, and Rb2. Next, I constructed

the circuit below using the +/- 25V terminals on the power supply to create the 30V potential

difference for Vcc.

Beta baising Network

R2
R1
1kΩ
16kΩ

Q1 V1
2N3904 30V

R5 R4
8.2kΩ 1kΩ

All the measured voltages were taken with the DMM. Ib, Ic, Ie, and B were calculated from the

measured voltages and the resistances and were recorded.

Manual calculation
𝑅2
VB= 𝑅1+𝑅2 ∗ 𝑉𝑐𝑐 Vce= Vcc - Icq ( Rc + Re)

8.2 𝑘Ω
= 16 𝑘Ω+8.2 𝑘Ω ∗ 30 = 30 – 9.5mA( 1kΩ +1kΩ)

= 10.2 v = 11v
VE= VB – 0.7 IC = IB * β

= 10.2 – 0.7 = 52 µA * 180

= 9.5 v = 9 mA

IE= VE/ RE Vc = Vcc – Ic Rc

= 9.5/ 1kΩ = 30 – (9 mA* 1kΩ)

=9.5 mA = 21 v
𝐼𝑒
IB= 𝐻𝑓𝑒+1 VBE= VB - VE

9.5
= 180+1 = 21 – 9.5

= 52 µA = 11.5 v

Vce = Vcc – Ic (Rc + Re)

= 30 – 9 ma(1kΩ +1kΩ)

= 12 v

The table produced by the simulation shows all DC values for the circuit.
 Common emitter amplifier verification

The circuit below was constructed including Rsig and RL, since they represent the output

impedance of the function generator and the input impedance of our oscilloscope.

A 10mV, 10Khz signal was applied using the function generator. An oscilloscope was used to

measure Vin and Vout. Channel 1 of the oscilloscope was used to measure Vin and channel 2

was used to measure Vout. Av was calculated from those measurements.

Graph showing input and output voltage of the Common Collector Amplifier.
AV = VOUT/VIN

= -2.424 V/ 9.108mV

= -266.1 V

Is AV positive or negative?

The Av is negative.

Common Source Amplifier

The common source amplifier circuit was constructed in Multisim as seen in the figure below:

Simulate the Common Source amplifier in Multisim and study the transient and frequency

response.

AC Sweep of Common Source amplifier

 Discussion

Multisim was used to create the beta biasing network. It's a voltage divider circuit for biasing a

transistor. It makes use of a few resistors to ensure that voltage is divided and distributed

correctly into the transistor. The emitter resistor, RE, is one of the resistors that helps maintain

stability against transistor fluctuations. A transistor circuit must be built in such a way that it

provides the same gain regardless of value fluctuations. This is accomplished by carefully

selecting the emitter resistance, RE, which ensures stability in the face of varying. RE ensures

that the gain of a transistor circuit's output current remains stable.

Rsig and RL, which represent the function generator's output impedance and our oscilloscope's

input impedance, were used to build the common emitter amplifier circuit. AC input signals that

alternate between a positive and a negative value are amplified by the circuit. The amplifier's

circuit layout must then be "preset" in some fashion such that the transistor can function between

these two maximum or peak values. Biasing is a technique for accomplishing this. Biasing is

critical in amplifier design because it establishes the correct operating point of the transistor

amplifier when it is ready to accept signals, reducing output signal distortion.

When the input signal is supplied to the gate and source terminals of the common source

amplifier circuit, the output voltage is amplified and acquired across the resistor at the load in the

drain terminal. Between the input and output, the source serves as a common terminal. A voltage

amplifier is another name for it. It generates current and voltage gain depending on the input and

output impedances. FETs are employed in these circuits to create voltage gain and high input

impedance.

Review questions

1. What is Miller effect on common source amplifier?

The Miller effect is not present in a common-base design because the grounded base prevents the

collector signal from being transmitted back to the emitter input. A C-B amplifier has a superior

high frequency response as a result.

2. What is the purpose of source resistor and gate resistor?

The source resistor has thermal noise and also converts current noise into voltage noise,

increasing the amplifier's total output-voltage noise while the gate resistor are used for limiting

noise and ringing in the gate drive path.

3. What is swamping resistor?

The swamping resistance is a resistor with zero temperature coefficient. Used in measuring

instruments.

4. What is the purpose of swamping resistor in common source amplifier?

It aids in the stabilization of gain and the reduction of distortion. This is accomplished at the

price of voltage gain.

5. FET is a liner or non-linear device. And justify your answer

 FET is a non-linear device. Because it is a device in which the output electric field, voltage,

or current is not linearly proportional to the input electric field, voltage, or current

6. What is square law and give an example for a square law device

The square law is relating to two variables one of which varies (directly or inversely) as the
square of the other. An example of a square law device is a Modulator

INFERENCE:
1. From the transient analysis the phase relationship between input and output voltage signals

is 180 degrees.

2. From the frequency response curve the following results are calculated:

S. No Parameters Value
1 Maximum absolute gain
2 Max Gain in dB
3 3dB Gain
4 Lower cut-off frequency
5 Upper cut-off frequency
6 Bandwidth

Conclusion

Ultimately, the experiment was designed to make the common emitter amplifier, common source

amplifier, and beta biasing network simple to understand and construct for students. Each circuit

is built in a unique way. I learned how to generate a waveform and test the Vin and Vout of each

circuit using an oscilloscope.