PHYTOREMEDIATION 植物修复

PHYTOREMEDIATION
 Treatment methods which uses plants for the
purpose of degradation, extraction or
elimination of pollute substances from soil and
water.
Eichhornia crassipes
(water hyacinth) has
long roots which can
accumulate heavy
metals (copper and lead)
in water
 SUNFLOWER
 used for remediation of soil polluted by the explosion of the
nuclear plant in Chernobyl, Russia
 act as a hyperaccumulator which can eliminate heavy metals
(zinc, chromium 铬 , copper, lead and nickel 镍 ) and
radioactive substances (caesium 铯 , strontium 锶 )
 AQUATIC PLANTS
 Totreat waste water in a waste plant through
phytoremediation method
Pistia stratiotes (water
lettuce plant) has fast
growth rate, which can
accumulate heavy metals
and nutrients in the waste
plant
 BIOREMEDIATION
Bioremediation is
defined as the process
whereby (mostly)
organic wastes can be
biologically degraded
under controlled
conditions to an
innocuous 无害的
state, or to levels below
the respective
concentration limits, as
set by the controlling
authorities.
 BIOREMEDIATION 生物修复

• In other words, bioremediation employs the living

organisms, most notably 特别是  microorganisms,
 to degrade the pollutants and convert them into less
toxic or non-toxic form.
• The suitable organisms can be bacteria, fungi, or plants,
which have the physiological abilities to degrade 降解 ,
detoxify, or render 给予 the contaminants 污染物
harmless.
A GLOBAL SCENARIO 场景

Increasing trend in areas of land, surface waters and

groundwater affected by contamination.

The contamination from: Due to:

• Industrial • Ignorance
• Military • Lack of vision
• Agricultural activities • Carelessness
• Etc • Etc
Times Beach – The contaminated Ghost Town – Dioxin 戴奥
辛

Source: Retrieved from http://www.worldabandoned.com/times-beach

Times Beach 是美国密苏里州圣路易斯县的一个鬼城，位于圣路易斯西南 17 英里，尤里卡以东 2 英里。该镇曾

经是 2000 多人的住所，但由于 TCDD （也称为二恶英）污染，该镇于 1983 年初被完全疏散。这是美国历史上
最大的平民暴露于这种化合物。 1985 年，密苏里州正式解散了时代河滩市
 HAZARD 危害 ????

•镉污染稻米 铅 砷（砒霜）米 Source: Ppt slaid, Dr. Mohd Firdaus Ismail, Faculty of Agriculture, UPM
BUILD-UP OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS

Metals, radionuclides 放射性核素 , organic contaminants

in soil, surface water and ground water affects natural
resources and causes major strain 劳损 on ecosystems.
 Sources of heavy
metals in
environment
疏导
尾矿碴

湿法冶金

炼油厂

污水污泥
渗滤液
粉煤灰
Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/10175831/
CONVENTIONAL PRACTICES 常规操作

 Pump and treat • Often expensive

 Dig and dump • Has limited potential
挖掘和转储 • Applicable in small area
• Soil become infertile and
unsuitable for agriculture
 WHAT IS PHYTOREMEDIATION?

Bioremediation process that uses various

types of plants to remove, transfer,
stabilize and/ or destroy contaminants in the
soils, sludge 污泥 , sediments 沉积物 , surface
water and groundwater.
 TYPES OF HYPERACCUMULATORS

Plants are normally grouped based on the elements the species

accumulate or are tolerant of:

 Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Arsenic (As), Beryllium (Be), Chromium
 (Cr), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Molybdenum
 (Mo), Naphthalene, Lead (Pb), Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn).
 Nickel 镍
 radionuclides (Cd, Cs-137, Co, Pu-238, Ra, Sr, U-
234, 235, 238), hydrocarbons and organic
solvents (Benzene, BTEX, DDT, Dieldrin, Endosulfan, Fluoranthen
e, MTBE, PCB, PCNB, TCE and by-products), and inorganic
solvents (Potassium ferrocyanide). Source: Ppt slaid, Dr. Mohd Firdaus Ismail, Faculty of Agriculture, UPM
 WHY ??? PHYTOREMEDIATION?

 A low cost, solar energy driven clean-up technique.

 Most useful at site with shallow, low level of

contaminants.
分泌物

HOW DOES PHYTOREMEDIATION WORK?

 The uptake of contaminants in plants occurs

primarily through the root system.
 Trees and smaller plants.

 Plant root – release inorganic and organic

compounds (root exudates 分 泌 物 ) in the

rhizosphere 根际层 .
Phytoremediation Processes
The use of Phytoremediation
To treat Organic Contaminants.
To treat Metal Contaminants.
For Hydraulic 液压 Control of Contaminants.
Phytoremediation often is used to slow the movement of
contaminated groundwater. Trees act like a pump, drawing
the groundwater up through their roots to keep it from
moving. This method of phytoremediation is called
“hydraulic control.”
PHYTOHYDRAULIC 植物液压 CONTROL

 Hydraulic control is a method which prevents and

controls the accumulation and transportation of the
contaminants by using plants.
 This method is applied to both underground and surface
waters.
 The advantageous aspect of this method is the wide
impact area because of the expansion of the roots
without any artificial system.
 However, the instability of water absorption depending
on season and climate is a disadvantage.
Source: Book entitled Advances in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation. link: https://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-bioremediation-
and-phytoremediation/heavy-metal-removal-with-phytoremediation
Phytoremediation Processes

Phytodegradation Phytoextraction 植物提取

Phytostimulation/ Rhizofiltration
rhizodegradation
根际降解

Phytovolatilisation Phytostabilisation
植物挥发
The use of Phytoremediation to treat Organic
Contaminants

Organic contaminants
Specifically hydro-carbons – contains of carbon and hydrogen
atoms.
The use of Phytoremediation to treat Organic
Contaminants
Phytodegradation

• The breakdown of contaminants taken up by plants through

metabolic processes.
• The breakdown of contaminants surrounding the plant through the
effect of compound (such as enzyme)
• Example: Degrades chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene
(TCE). Others degrades herbicides.
三氯乙烯：
用作萃取剂、杀菌剂、制冷剂及衣服干洗剂。长期接触可引起三叉神经麻痹等病症。
 Source: Retrieved from http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/Freshwater/FMS2/2.asp
植物降解修复指利用修复植物的转化和降解作用去除土壤或大气中有机污染物的一种方式。其修复途径主要
有两个方面： 一条途径是污染物质被吸收到体内，植物将这些化合物分解的碎片通过木质化作用储存在新的
植物组织中，或者使化合物完全挥发，或者矿化成二氧化碳和水，从而将污染物转化成毒性小的或无毒的物
质。另一条途径是在土壤中，植物根分泌物直接降解根际圈内有机污染物质，从而达到修复土壤污染物的目
The use of Phytoremediation to treat Organic
Contaminants
Phytostimulation/ Rhizodegradation

• The breakdown of contaminants in rhizosphere (soil surrounding

the roots of plants) through microbial activity.
• Natural substances released by plant roots – sugars, alcohols and
acids (contains organic carbon) provides food and the additional
nutrients for microorganism activities.
 The use of Phytoremediation to treat Organic
Contaminants
Phytostimulation/ Rhizodegradation – cont.

• Micro-organisms (yeast, fungi or bacteria) consume, digest organic

substances for nutrition and energy.
• Example: Organic substances (fuels/ solvent) is digested/
breakdown into harmless product (biodegradation) by
microorganism.
 The use of Phytoremediation to treat Organic
Contaminants

Phytovolatilisation 植物挥发
• The uptake and transpiration of contaminants by plant.
• Modified/ releasing the contaminants to the atmosphere.

Poplar Tress volatilise 90% of

Trichloroethylene (TCE)
Source: Retrieved from https://thisnzlife.co.nz/hard-can-plant-stick/

三氯乙烯是工業常用溶劑。它無色，有毒性、透明、粘性
低、不燃燒、易揮發，具有芳香味的液體，對神經有麻醉
作用。純三氯乙烯分解緩慢。當有紫外線照射三氯乙烯與
氧氣混合物時，加速三氯乙烯分解。
三氯乙烯主要用作金屬脫脂和羊毛及織物的乾洗劑。樹脂
、瀝青、煤焦油、醋酸纖維素、硝化纖維素、橡膠和塗料
等的溶劑。在醫藥上曾用作麻醉劑，農藥上是合成
 The use of Phytoremediation to treat Metal
Contaminants

Plants can be used to stabilize/ remove the metals from

soil and groundwater.
The use of Phytoremediation to treat Metal
Contaminants
Phytoextraction/ phytoaccumulation

• The uptake of metals from soil by plant roots.

• Hyper – accumulators.
• Harvested/ incinerated/ composted to recycle the
metals.
 The use of Phytoremediation to treat Metal
Contaminants
Phytoextraction/ phytoaccumulation

• Approx. 400 knowns plants with high affinity for metals

accumulating. Grasses, sunflower, corn, hemp, flax, alfafa,
tobacco, willow, Indian mustard, poplar, water hyacinth, etc.
• Example: Nickel, zinc, copper, chromium, lead, arsenic,
mercury, cadmium.
Source: Retrieved from http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/Freshwater/FMS2/2.asp
 The use of Phytoremediation to treat Metal
Contaminants
Rhizofiltration

• The adsorption onto roots/ absorption into the roots.

• Similar to phytoextraction but used to clean up contaminated
groundwater rather than soil.
• The roots will take up water with the dissolved contaminants. In –
situ.
• As the roots become saturated with contaminants, plants will be
harvested.
• Example: Sunflowers remove radioactive contaminants from the
pond at Chernobyl, Ukraine.
Source: Retrieved from
https://slideplayer.com/slide/10175831/
 The use of Phytoremediation for Hydraulic 液压
Control of Contaminants

• Hydraulic control – Large volume of water is taken

rapidly by plants (uptake).
• Example: Poplar trees can transpire 50 to 300
gallons of water per day out of the ground.
• Decreases the movement of contaminants towards
groundwater/ drinking water.
 The use of Phytoremediation for Hydraulic
Control of Contaminants
Riparian corridors 河岸带 / 湿地
• Phytodegradation, phytovolatilisation 植物挥发 and
rhizodegradation 根际降解 .
• Planted around along stream/ river bank.
• Buffer strips around the perimeter of landfills.
• Prevent contamination from spreading into surface
water/ ground water.
Source: Retrieved from https://slco.org/watershed/streams-101/the-riparian-zone/
 The use of Phytoremediation for Hydraulic 液压
Control of Contaminants
Vegetative cover

• Long-term, self-sustaining plants growing on composed

soil/ over waste in a landfill.
• Plants controls erosion/ minimize seepage 渗漏 of water
to percolate 过 滤 through landfill and form contaminated
leachates 渗滤液 .
• Enhance degradation of underlying materials in the
landfill.
 SHORT QUIZZZZZZ

What is the difference between

bioremediation and phytoremediation?
 生物修復（ Bioremediation ）是一種使用生物體來移除或中
和污染現場內污染物的技術 [1]。根據美國國家環境保護局的
定義，生物修複是一種“使用自然產生的生物體來把有害物
質分解成毒性較低或無毒物質的處理方法”。生物修復技術
一般可被分為“原地”（ in situ）和“異地”（ ex situ）。
原地生物修復在現場處理污染材料，而異地生物修復則把污
染材料帶往其他地方處理。與生物修復相關的技術還包括
植物修復、生物通風、生物濾化、土地耕耘、生物反應器、
堆肥、生物强化、根濾作用和生物刺激。
 生物修復可能自己發生（自然衰減或固有生物修復），也有
可能只在添加肥料或氧等强化介質內吃污染微生物生長的物
質（生物刺激）時有效。例如，美國陸軍工程兵部隊就成功
透過對汽油污染土壤進行堆積風乾和通氣來對使用土地耕耘
的生物修復進行强化 [2]。土壤氮素耗盡狀態可能會促進某些
含氮有機化合物的分解 [3]，而能夠大量吸收污染物土壤材料