Abstraction Loss

Module 3 (Part 1)

Engr. Sean Kenneth Anthony B. Pamintuan

Module 3 – Abstraction Loss
● Infiltration

● Infiltration Index

● Evaporation

● Water Budget Method

● Pan Evaporation

● Evapotranspiration
Abstraction Losses Abstraction Losses
Infiltration All the water received from rainfall is neither use by plants nor does it flow out
as the runoff. It gets lost to some of the natural processes called abstraction
Infiltration Index
losses, which consist of infiltration, evaporation and evapotranspiration.
Evaporation

Water Budget Method

Pan Evaporation

Evapotranspiration

Problem 1

Problem 2

Problem 3

Problem 4

Problem 5
Abstraction Losses Infiltration
Infiltration The downward flow of water from the land surface into the soil medium is
called infiltration. The infiltration rate, which has dimension of velocity, is a
Infiltration Index soil characteristic which in turn determines the maximum rate at which the
Evaporation
water can enter the soil.
The intake rate of a soil is a measure of its capacity to take and absorb the
Water Budget Method ponded water or the water applied. The intake rate is also known by the term
infiltration capacity.
Pan Evaporation

Evapotranspiration

Problem 1

Problem 2

Problem 3

Problem 4

Problem 5
Abstraction Losses Infiltration Index
Infiltration The infiltration index is the most commonly used method for determination of
loss of rain water due to abstraction. The method assumes the constant value
Infiltration Index
for the intake rate of rain water into the soil for the full duration of the storm.
Evaporation The infiltration index is also called ϕ (phi) index.
The ϕ index gives the index of the average abstraction of rainwater. The
Water Budget Method
remaining volume of rainfall, which flows out as surface runoff is called the
Pan Evaporation excess rainfall volume, and is considered to be equal to the excess runoff
volume. The excess runoff volume is the runoff volume of a storm hydrograph
Evapotranspiration after separating base flow from it.
Problem 1
The time during which the excess rainfall occurs is called the effective time
period.
Problem 2

Problem 3

Problem 4

Problem 5
Abstraction Losses Infiltration Index
Infiltration Procedure for determination of the index
1. Draw the hyetograph of the storm rainfall and compute the total volume of
Infiltration Index rainfall.
Evaporation
2. Compute the excess runoff volume from the storm hydrograph by separating
the base flow from it.
Water Budget Method 3. Subtract 2 from 1 to determine the total intake of rain water to the soil.
4. Divide the value of 3 with the effective time period to get the index (cm/h)
Pan Evaporation

Evapotranspiration Therefore, ϕ index (cm/h)

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
Problem 1 =
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
Problem 2
The iterative process is applied to get the solution.
Problem 3

Problem 4

Problem 5
Abstraction Losses Evaporation
Infiltration Evaporation is the process by which a liquid on a free surface is transformed
into a gaseous state at a temperature less than the boiling point through the
Infiltration Index
process of transfer of heat energy.
Evaporation
In hydrological studies, evaporation from free water surfaces forms a part of
Water Budget Method the abstraction of rainwater.
Pan Evaporation
Evaporation rate is affected by solar radiation, air temperature, vapour
Evapotranspiration pressure, wind velocity, atmospheric pressure and salinity of water.
Problem 1

Problem 2

Problem 3

Problem 4

Problem 5
Abstraction Losses Water Budget Method
Infiltration Evaporation from ponded water, namely lakes, reservoirs, etc. can be
determined by the water budget method. The analysis involves careful and
Infiltration Index correct accounting of all inflows and outflows from the lake.
Evaporation
E = I + P – O – Ogw + (S1 – S2)
Water Budget Method

Pan Evaporation Where:

E = evaporation
Evapotranspiration I = inflow, measured by stream gauging
Problem 1
P = precipitation, measured by rain gauges
O = outflow, measured by stream gauging
Problem 2 Ogw = inflow to groundwater, measured through groundwater observations,
and permeability of aquifer
Problem 3
S1 = storage at the start of time period, measured by water stage recorders at
Problem 4 the reservoir
S2 = storage at the start of time period, measured by water stage recorders at
Problem 5
the reservoir
Abstraction Losses Pan Evaporation
Infiltration Evaporation is measured by evaporimeters. The commonly used are Piche
evaporimeter, Colorado sunken pan, IUS geological-survey-floating pan,
Infiltration Index ISI standard pan, and US National Weather Service Class A pan.
Evaporation
The US Weather Bureau Class A pan evaporimeter is made of 22 gauge galvanized
iron sheet. The pan diameter is 120 cm, depth 25 cm, and is painted white. The pan
Water Budget Method is kept on a wooden frame so that air can circulate freely. The height of the wooden
frame is kept at 15 cm above the ground surface. The depth of water in the pan is
Pan Evaporation
maintained at 20 cm. A hook gage is fixed on the stilling well of the pan is used to
Evapotranspiration measure the water level.
Problem 1
A factor of 0.7 is taken for conversion of data of pan evaporation from Class A pan
Problem 2 evaporimeter to data of free surface. The relationship is stated as

Problem 3
𝐋𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
= 𝟎. 𝟕
Problem 4 𝐏𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Problem 5
For other types of pan, the factor ranges from 0.65 to 0.82.
Abstraction Losses Evapotranspiration
Infiltration • The soil water used by crops is through the process of evaporation and
Infiltration Index
transpiration. The combined form of the two is known as water-use by
evapotranspiration and is popularly called the consumptive use of crops.
Evaporation • Transpiration is the process by which water vapour leaves the living plant
body and enters the atmosphere.
Water Budget Method
• The process involves collection of water from the soil by crops, circulation of
Pan Evaporation water in the plant body and finally, the evaporation of water from the
stomata of the leaves. The process also helps in transportation of nutrients
Evapotranspiration
to the plant body and in cooling of solar radiation, air temperature, vapour
Problem 1 pressure difference between the leaf and air, atmospheric pressure, wind
velocity, plant type, soil properties and availability of water.
Problem 2
• Evapotranspiration (consumptive use) of crops is either estimated from
Problem 3 climatological data or found by conducting measurements in the field.

Problem 4

Problem 5
Abstraction Losses Problem 1
A storm with 20 cm of precipitation produced a surface runoff of 11.6 cm.
Infiltration
Estimate the index of the storm if the data recorded is as follows:
Infiltration Index

Evaporation
Step 1: Draw the Hyetograph. total intake ofwater into the soil P−R
Water Budget Method
ϕindex = =
Rainfall Intensity (cm/h) effective time period te

Pan Evaporation 5 20.0 − 11.6

ϕindex = = 1.05 cm/hr
8
Evapotranspiration 4
The rainfall intensity of 1st and 8th intervals are
3 less than the value of ϕindex . Which means, the
Problem 1 assumption is wrong.
2
Trial 2 Trial 2: Assume that 2nd to 7th intervals have
Problem 2
1 Trial 1 rainfall excess (eliminating the 1st and 8th intervals)
Problem 3 Total rainfall, P = 1.8 +3.0 +4.6 +3.6 +3.2+2.0
P = 18.2 cm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Problem 4 Time (h) ϕindex =
18.2 − 11.6
= 𝟏. 𝟏 𝐜𝐦/𝐡𝐫
Trial 1: Assume that all 8 intervals have rainfall excess. 6
Problem 5
Total rainfall, P = 0.8 +1.8 +3.0 +4.6 +3.6 +3.2+2.0+1.0
P = 20.0 cm
Total runoff, R = 11.6 cm
Or Excess runoff, ER
Abstraction Losses Problem 2
The following mass curve was obtained for a 14-hr effective rainfall period that
Infiltration
occurred on a catchment area of 25 km2. Calculate the ordinates of effective
Infiltration Index rainfall hyetograph and the runoff volume, when the ϕ index is 0.35 cm/hr.
Time (h)
Time (h) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Evaporation
Accumulated rainfall (cm)
Accumulated 0 1 3 5.5 7.7 8 9 10
Water Budget Method Increment rainfall (cm)
Increment 0 1 2 2.5 2.2 0.3 1 1
𝐒𝐨𝐥′ 𝐧:

Rainfall Intensity (cm/hr)

Pan Evaporation
ϕindex = 0.35 cm/hr ∗ (2hrs) = 0.70 cm
Evapotranspiration For the ordinates of 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐡𝐲𝐞𝐭𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡,
3.0
1st interval = 1.0 cm − 0.7 cm = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝐜𝐦
Problem 1 2nd interval = 2.0 cm − 0.7 cm = 𝟏. 𝟑 𝐜𝐦
3rd interval = 2.5 cm − 0.7 cm = 𝟏. 𝟖 𝐜𝐦 2.0
Problem 2 4th interval = 2.2 cm − 0.7 cm = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦 Run − off
6th interval = 1.0 cm − 0.7 cm = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝐜𝐦 1.0
Problem 3 7th interval = 1.0 cm − 0.7 cm = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝐜𝐦
∅index
Excess rainfall, ER = 𝟓. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦 (infiltration )
Problem 4 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1m 1000𝑚
2
Time (h)
Problem 5 Run − off volume = 5.5 cm 25 km2 ∙
100cm 1 𝑘𝑚

Run − off volume = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝟑

Abstraction Losses Problem 3
Anjuman’s Lake has a surface area of 70.8 ha. For the month of April the inflow
Infiltration was 1.5 m3/s. The dam regulated the outflow from Anjuman’s Lake to be 1.25
Infiltration Index
m3/s. If the precipitation recorded for the month was 7.62 cm and the storage
volume increased by an estimated 650, 000 m3, what is the estimated
Evaporation evaporation in cubic meters and centimeters? Assume that no water infiltrates
Water Budget Method
into or out of the bottom of Anjuman’s Lake.
Area = 70.8 ha =
3
708,000 m2
Pan Evaporation m
1.5 s 100 cm 86400 s 30 days cm
Evapotranspiration
Q in = ∗ ∗ ∗ = 549.1525
708,000 m2 1m 1 day 1 month mo
Problem 1 m3
1.25 s 100 cm 86400 s 30 days cm
Problem 2 Q out = ∗ ∗ ∗ = 457.6271
708,000 m2 1m 1 day 1 month mo
Problem 3 cm
P = 7.62
mo
Problem 4
650,000m3 100 cm
Problem 5 ∆S = = 91.8079 cm/mo
708,000m2 1m
91.8079 = 549.1525 − 457.6271 + 7.62 − E
𝐄 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟒 𝐜𝐦/𝐦𝐨
Abstraction Losses Problem 4
In a canal, water has to be released from a reservoir for use at a location 50
Infiltration km away from the reservoir. Assume that the average width of the canal
Infiltration Index
stream is 35 m. From a class A tank, the measured mean daily evaporation is
0.5 cm. Determine the mean daily evaporation loses (in ha-m/day) from this
Evaporation canal stream. Assume that the evaporation pan coefficient is 0.7.
Water Budget Method
Lake evaporation
= 0.7
Pan evaporation
Pan Evaporation
Lake evaporation
= 0.7
Evapotranspiration 0.5 cm/day

Problem 1 Lake evaporation = 0.35 cm/day = 0.0035 m/day

Area of canal stream = (35m)(50,000m) 1 ha
Problem 2
10,000 m2
Problem 3
Area of canal stream = 175 ha
Problem 4
0.0035m 𝐡𝐚 − 𝐦
Problem 5 Mean daily evaporation = 175 ha = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟐𝟓
day 𝐝𝐚𝐲
Abstraction Losses Problem 5
Determine the amount of evapotranspiration from an area if the total rainfall
Infiltration precipitated during a storm is 9.00 mm, the antecedent moisture near the root
Infiltration Index
in the soil is 4.00 mm, the loss of water due to seepage is 2.0 mm, losses due
to percolation are 1.5 mm, the surface runoff is 2.0 mm and the moisture
Evaporation retained in the soil is 1.00 mm.
Water Budget Method

Pan Evaporation

Evapotranspiration

Problem 1

Problem 2

Problem 3

Problem 4

Problem 5