Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Module 3 (Part 1)
● Infiltration Index
● Evaporation
● Pan Evaporation
● Evapotranspiration
Abstraction Losses Abstraction Losses
Infiltration All the water received from rainfall is neither use by plants nor does it flow out
as the runoff. It gets lost to some of the natural processes called abstraction
Infiltration Index
losses, which consist of infiltration, evaporation and evapotranspiration.
Evaporation
Pan Evaporation
Evapotranspiration
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Abstraction Losses Infiltration
Infiltration The downward flow of water from the land surface into the soil medium is
called infiltration. The infiltration rate, which has dimension of velocity, is a
Infiltration Index soil characteristic which in turn determines the maximum rate at which the
Evaporation
water can enter the soil.
The intake rate of a soil is a measure of its capacity to take and absorb the
Water Budget Method ponded water or the water applied. The intake rate is also known by the term
infiltration capacity.
Pan Evaporation
Evapotranspiration
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Abstraction Losses Infiltration Index
Infiltration The infiltration index is the most commonly used method for determination of
loss of rain water due to abstraction. The method assumes the constant value
Infiltration Index
for the intake rate of rain water into the soil for the full duration of the storm.
Evaporation The infiltration index is also called ϕ (phi) index.
The ϕ index gives the index of the average abstraction of rainwater. The
Water Budget Method
remaining volume of rainfall, which flows out as surface runoff is called the
Pan Evaporation excess rainfall volume, and is considered to be equal to the excess runoff
volume. The excess runoff volume is the runoff volume of a storm hydrograph
Evapotranspiration after separating base flow from it.
Problem 1
The time during which the excess rainfall occurs is called the effective time
period.
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Abstraction Losses Infiltration Index
Infiltration Procedure for determination of the index
1. Draw the hyetograph of the storm rainfall and compute the total volume of
Infiltration Index rainfall.
Evaporation
2. Compute the excess runoff volume from the storm hydrograph by separating
the base flow from it.
Water Budget Method 3. Subtract 2 from 1 to determine the total intake of rain water to the soil.
4. Divide the value of 3 with the effective time period to get the index (cm/h)
Pan Evaporation
Problem 4
Problem 5
Abstraction Losses Evaporation
Infiltration Evaporation is the process by which a liquid on a free surface is transformed
into a gaseous state at a temperature less than the boiling point through the
Infiltration Index
process of transfer of heat energy.
Evaporation
In hydrological studies, evaporation from free water surfaces forms a part of
Water Budget Method the abstraction of rainwater.
Pan Evaporation
Evaporation rate is affected by solar radiation, air temperature, vapour
Evapotranspiration pressure, wind velocity, atmospheric pressure and salinity of water.
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5
Abstraction Losses Water Budget Method
Infiltration Evaporation from ponded water, namely lakes, reservoirs, etc. can be
determined by the water budget method. The analysis involves careful and
Infiltration Index correct accounting of all inflows and outflows from the lake.
Evaporation
E = I + P – O – Ogw + (S1 – S2)
Water Budget Method
Problem 3
𝐋𝐚𝐤𝐞 𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
= 𝟎. 𝟕
Problem 4 𝐏𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Problem 5
For other types of pan, the factor ranges from 0.65 to 0.82.
Abstraction Losses Evapotranspiration
Infiltration • The soil water used by crops is through the process of evaporation and
Infiltration Index
transpiration. The combined form of the two is known as water-use by
evapotranspiration and is popularly called the consumptive use of crops.
Evaporation • Transpiration is the process by which water vapour leaves the living plant
body and enters the atmosphere.
Water Budget Method
• The process involves collection of water from the soil by crops, circulation of
Pan Evaporation water in the plant body and finally, the evaporation of water from the
stomata of the leaves. The process also helps in transportation of nutrients
Evapotranspiration
to the plant body and in cooling of solar radiation, air temperature, vapour
Problem 1 pressure difference between the leaf and air, atmospheric pressure, wind
velocity, plant type, soil properties and availability of water.
Problem 2
• Evapotranspiration (consumptive use) of crops is either estimated from
Problem 3 climatological data or found by conducting measurements in the field.
Problem 4
Problem 5
Abstraction Losses Problem 1
A storm with 20 cm of precipitation produced a surface runoff of 11.6 cm.
Infiltration
Estimate the index of the storm if the data recorded is as follows:
Infiltration Index
Evaporation
Step 1: Draw the Hyetograph. total intake ofwater into the soil P−R
Water Budget Method
ϕindex = =
Rainfall Intensity (cm/h) effective time period te
Pan Evaporation
Evapotranspiration
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4
Problem 5