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SINUSOID
– is a signal that has the form of sine or
cosine function.
A sinusoidal current is usually referred to as
alternating current (ac). Such a current reverses at
regular time intervals and has alternately positive
and negative values.
1. Generating Plant
VARIOUS SOURCES OF AC POWER:
1. Generating Plant
VARIOUS SOURCES OF AC POWER:
1. Generating Plant
VARIOUS SOURCES OF AC POWER:
2. Portable AC Generator
VARIOUS SOURCES OF AC POWER:
5. Function Generator
SINUSOIDS
v (t ) or i (t )
90
Vm
r
y 1
3
2 2 2
180
0 0 t
90 180 270
Mathematically, a sinusoidal voltage
where:
Vm the amplitude of the sinusoid
the angular frequency in radians/s
t the argument of the sinusoid
The sinusoid is shown in the figure as a
function of its argument and as a function of
time. It is evident that the sinusoid repeats itself
every T second; T is called the period of the
sinusoid. Note that, 𝑤𝑡 = 2𝜋
2𝜋
𝑇=
𝜔
The fact that the v(t) repeats itself every T
seconds is shown by replacing t by t + T in the
first equation.
2𝜋
𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑇 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡 + 𝑇 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡 +
𝜔
= 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 2𝜋 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑇 = 𝑣(𝑡)
= ( + )
= ( + )
( )=
3/2π
0
3/2π
t
2
SINUSOID-PHASOR
TRANSFORMATION
Phasor - is a complex number that
represents the amplitude and phase of a
sinusoid.
𝐀 = 𝑟∠ = 𝑟𝑒 𝑗
Where:
r is the magnitude of A
is the phase of A
Note that z can be represented in three ways:
𝐀 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 Rectangular form
𝐀 = 𝑟∠ Polar form
𝐀 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑗 Exponential form
𝐀 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
𝑦−
𝐀 = 𝑟∠ = 𝑥 + 𝑦 ∠𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥
Phasor representation is based on Euler’s identity.
𝑒 ±𝑗 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ± 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛
c) 𝑰 = −𝑗(4 − 𝑗3)
d) 𝑰 = −30∠(−20° )
e) 𝑽 = 𝑗(−12 + 𝑗5)
f) 𝑰 = 40∠(−20° )
hence 𝑽 = 𝑅𝐼
Frequency
Element Time-Domain
Domain
R 𝑣 = 𝑅𝑖 𝐕 = 𝑅𝐈
𝑑i
L 𝑣=𝐿 𝐕 = 𝑗ω𝐿𝐈
𝑑𝑡
C 𝑑𝑣 𝐈
𝑖=𝐶 𝐕=
𝑑𝑡 ݆ωC
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