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AC Power Analysis
Chapter Objectives:
Know the difference between instantaneous power and average
power
Learn the AC version of maximum power transfer theorem
Learn about the concepts of effective or Rms value
Learn about the complex power, apparent power and power factor
Understand the principle of conservation of AC power
Learn about power factor correction
Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng224 Circuit Theory II
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University EENG 224 1
Power Factor Correction
The design of any power transmission system is very sensitive to the magnitude of the
current in the lines as determined by the applied loads.
Increased currents result in increased power losses (by a squared factor since P = I2R) in
the transmission lines due to the resistance of the lines.
Heavier currents also require larger conductors, increasing the amount of copper needed
for the system, and they require increased generating capacities by the utility company.
Since the line voltage of a transmission system is fixed, the apparent power is directly
related to the current level.
In turn, the smaller the net apparent power, the smaller the current drawn from the supply.
Minimum current is therefore drawn from a supply when S = P and QT = 0.
The process of introducing reactive elements to bring the power factor closer to unity is
called power-factor correction. Since most loads are inductive, the process normally
involves introducing elements with capacitive terminal characteristics having the sole
purpose of improving the power factor.
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Power Factor Correction
Original Inductive Load Inductive Load with improved power factor correction
Qc = Q 1 – Q 2
= P (tan θ1 - tan θ2)
= ωCVrms2
Q1 = S1 sin θ1
= P tan θ1 Qc P (tan θ1 tan θ 2 )
C 2
2
ωVrms ω Vrms
P = S1 cos θ1 Q2 = P tan θ2
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Power Factor Correction
The process of increasing the power factor without altering the voltage or current to
the original load is called power factor correction.
Power factor correction is necessary for economic reasons.
Vrms 2
L
QL
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Power
Factor
Correction
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Power
Factor
Correction
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Power Factor Correction
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Practice Problem 11.15: Find the value of the capacitance needed to correct a load of
140 kVAR at 0.85 lagging pf to unity pf. The load is supplied by a 110 Volt (rms), 60
Hz line.
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Applications
Power Measurement
Wattmeter is the instrument for measuring the average power. Two coils are
used, the high impedance Voltage coil and the low impedance Current coil.
Wattmeter measures the average power given by:
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