ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Expt. No: LOAD TEST OF SINGLE PHASE

Date: TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To perform the load test on a single phase transformer
transformer.

OBJECTIVES:

Determine the voltage regulation and the efficiency of a given transformer.

Study the performance of a given transformer at a different load conditions.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sr No Name Type Range Quantity

1. Transformer 1-phase 220/110, 1 kVA 1
2. Ammeter MI 10A 1
3. Ammeter MI 5A 1
4. Voltmeter MI 0-250 V 1
5. Voltmeter MI 0-150 V 1
6. Wattmeter UPF 5-10A/150-300V 2
7. Load Bank Resistive 3 KW 1
8. Wires 1/18,3/20 As required

THEORY:
When the secondary is loaded the secondary current I2 is setup. The magnitude and phase of
I2 with respect to V2 is determined
ned by the characteristics of the load. The secondary current sets
up its own MMF and hence its own flux ф2 which is in opposition to main primary flux ф which
is due to I0, the secondary ampere turns N2*I2 are known as demagnetizing ampere turns .The
weakens the primary flux ф momentary. Hence primary
opposing secondary flux I2 weaken mary back EMF E1
tends to be reduced. For a moment V1 gain the upper hand over E1 and hence causes more
current to flow in primary.
Let the additional primary current be I2’. It is known as load component of primary
primar current. This
current is anti phase with I2’ the additional primary MMF N1*I2’ sets up its own flux ф2’ which
Page1

is in opposite to ф2 and is equal to its magnitude. Hence the two cancel each other out. So the

Load Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof.S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

magnetic effects of secondary current I2 are immediately neutralized by the additional primary
current I2’. Hence whatever the load conditions be, the net flux passing through core is
approximately the same as no-loa
load.
When we increase the load on the transformer, the following sequence of events takes place:
(a) The secondary winding cur
current increases.
(b) The current supplied by the source increases.
(c) The voltage drop across the primary winding impedance Z1 increases.
(d) The induced emf E1 drops.
(e) Finally, the mutual flux decreases owing to the decrease in the magnetizing current.

Voltage Regulation
Consider a transformer whose
ose primary winding voltage is adjusted so that it delivers the rated
load at the rated secondary terminal voltage. If we now remove the load, the secondary terminal
voltage changes because of the change in the voltage drops across the winding resistances and
leakage reactances. A quantity of interest is the net change in the secondary winding voltage
from no load to full load for the same primary winding voltage. When the change is expressed as
a percentage of its rated voltage, it is called the voltage regulation (VR) of the transformer. As a
percent, it may be written as
VNL − VFL
%VR = × 100
VNL

Where VNL and VFL, are the effective values of no-load and full-load
load voltages at the secondary
terminals.
The voltage regulation is like the figure
figure-of-merit of a transformer. For an ideal transformer, the
voltage regulation is zero. The smaller the voltage regulation
regulation, the better the operation of the
transformer.

Efficiency of a Transformer
Like any other electrical machine, the efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power (in watts or kW) to input power (watts or kW) i.e.,
Output power
Efficiency=
Input power
Page2

Load Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof.S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

It may appear that efficiency can be determined by directly loading the transformer and
measuring the input power and output power. However, this method has the following
drawbacks:
1) Since the efficiency of a transformer is very high, even 1% error in each wattmeter (output
and input) may give ridiculous results. This test, for instance, may give efficiency higher
than 100%.
2) Since the test is performed with transformer on load, considerable amount of power is
wasted. For large transformers, the cost of power alone would be considerable.
3) It is generally difficult to have a device that is capable of absorbing all of the output
power.
4) The test gives no information about the proportion of various losses.
Due to these drawbacks, direct load
loading
ing method is seldom used to determine the efficiency of a
transformer. In practice, open-circuit
circuit and short
short-circuit tests are carried out to find the efficiency.
Output power Input power - Losses
Efficiency= OR Efficiency=
Output power + Losses Input power

The losses can be determinedd by indirect testing methods of transformer.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PRECAUTION:
∗ All the connection should be tight and on proper position
position.
Page3

∗ Check all meters are on zero position if not then set it to zero position

Load Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof.S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

∗ Connection done by above all conditions.

∗ The load current should not exceed the rated value of the transformer.
∗ The AC supply is given and removed from the transformer under no load condition

PROCEDURE:
∗ Connect
onnect the circuit as per the diagram.
∗ After getting it checked, switch on the supply.
∗ First take the reading of no load condition.
∗ Now gradually increase the load on the transformer with the help of lamp load keeping
primary input voltage at rated value.
∗ Note down the readings of all meters at different values of load condition.
∗ Draw the relation between % efficiency versus load current and % voltage regulation
versus load current.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Input Output
Input Power Output Power
Input Output
Current WP or W1 Current WS or W2
# Voltage VP Voltage VS
IP or I1 (Watt) IS or I2 (Watt)
or V1 (volts) or V2 (volts)
(Amp) (Amp)
MF = _____ MF = _____
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

CALCULATIONS:
Output power WS
• %Efficiency = × 100 → %η = × 100
Input power WP

No load voltage − Full load voltage

• %Voltage Regulation = × 100
No load voltage
VNL − VS
%VR = ×100
VNL
Page4

Load Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof.S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COMPUTATION TABLE:
WS VNL − VS
# %η = × 100 %VR = × 100
WP VNL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

GRAPH:

Page5

Load Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof.S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Page6

Load Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof.S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CONCLUSIONS

POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

1) State the advantage and disadvantage of direct load tes
test.
2) Derive the condition
ondition for maximum efficiency
efficiency.
3) At what load the efficiency of transformer becomes maximum
maximum? State its formula.
formula
4) Why the efficiency of a transformer is more tthan
han a rotary electrical machine?
machine
5) On what factors efficiency
ciency of a transformer depends
depends?
6) What is the principle of a transformer?
7) What are the types of transformer?
8) What are the applications of transformer?
9) Why is the capacity of a transformer specified as KVA and not as KW?

Page7

Load Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof.S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SPACE FOR ANSWER:

Page8

Load Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof.S.B.Patel

Type your text
 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Page9

Load Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof.S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Page10

Load Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof.S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Grade/Marks Obtained

Date of Assessment
Page11

Sign of Instructor

Load Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof.S.B.Patel