ELL 100 - Introduction to Electrical Engineering

LECTURE 4 : CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

DELTA – STAR TRANSFORMATIONS

Outline
 Introduction
 Star Connection
 Delta Connection
 Delta to Star Transformation
 Star to Delta Transformation
 Equivalent Resistance of Circuit
 Exercise/Numerical Analysis

2
 INTRODUCTION
Star connections is generally used in long distance transmission lines as
insulation requirement is less in star connection.

Transmission Network
3
 INTRODUCTION
Delta connections are generally used in distribution networks for short
distances.

Distribution Network

4
 INTRODUCTION
Alternators and generators are usually star connected.

600 MW Turbo-Generator at power plant

5
 INTRODUCTION
Transformer windings are connected in Star/Delta Connections.

A Three Phase Transformer with Name Plate

6
 INTRODUCTION
Generating transformer near to power plant generator are connected in
star connection to provide grounding protection.

Generating Transformer
7
 INTRODUCTION
AC motors winding are connected in star/delta connection depending on
requirement and application.

Three Phase Induction Motor Winding

8
 INTRODUCTION
Star and Delta connections are used in starting of three phase induction
motors using STAR-DELTA Starter.

Star Delta Starter for Three phase Induction Motor

9
 INTRODUCTION
Delta-Star Starters are installed in cement industries for high inertial load
applications.

Cement Industry
10
 INTRODUCTION
Power capacitors in 3 phase capacitor bank connections are either delta
connected or star (wye) connected.

Delta connected capacitor bank

11
 INTRODUCTION
The application of such connection is also used in high voltage direct
current (HVDC) systems.

Generating Transformer
12
 INTRODUCTION
The application of such connection is also used in Wheatstone bridge
resistance measurement device.

Wheatstone Bridge

13
 INTRODUCTION
STAR/Delta transformations and equivalent circuit calculations help in
simplification and understanding of complex electrical circuits.

Complex Electric Circuits

14
 INTRODUCTION
 Star/Delta connection is an arrangement of passive elements R, L and C
such that the formed shape resembles a star or a delta symbol.

 These connection are neither series and nor parallel.

 Such connections are simplified using star-to-delta or delta-to-star
conversion.
 Such connections are found in complex DC circuits, full bridge
rectifiers.
 Such connections has larger application in three phase AC system.
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 STAR CONNECTION
A star network is rearranged form of Tee (T) network.

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 STAR/WYE (Y) CONNECTION
Three ends of resistors are connected in wye (Y) or star fashion. A
common node point of star connection is known as neutral.

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 STAR CONNECTION
Three ways in which star connection may appear in a circuit.

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 DELTA CONNECTION
When three resistors are connected in a fashion to form a closed mesh Δ,
connection formed is known as Delta Connection.

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 DELTA CONNECTION
Three ways in which delta connection may appear in a circuit.

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 DELTA TO STAR TRANSFORMATION
Three resistors RAB , RBC and RCA connected in delta form and its equivalent
star connection is shown below.

Delta and its equivalent Star

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 DELTA TO STAR TRANSFORMATION
• Two arrangements shown are electrically equivalent.
• Resistance between A and B for star = Resistance between A and
B for delta.
• Therefore,

RA  RB  RAB ||( RBC  RCA ) (1)

RAB ( RBC  RCA ) (2)

RA  RB 
RAB  RBC  RCA

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 DELTA TO STAR TRANSFORMATION
• Similarly for resistance between two terminals B-C and C-A,

RBC ( RCA  RAB )

 RB  RC  (3)
RAB  RBC  RCA

RCA ( RAB  RBC )

 RC  RA  (4)
RAB  RBC  RCA

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 DELTA TO STAR TRANSFORMATION
• The objective is to find RA , RB and RC in terms of RAB , RBC and RCA .
• Subtracting (3) from (2) and adding to (4) we obtain,

RAB RCA
 RA  (5)
RAB  RBC  RCA
RBC RAB
 RB  (6)
RAB  RBC  RCA
RCA RBC
 RC  (7)
RAB  RBC  RCA

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 DELTA TO STAR TRANSFORMATION
• Easy way to remember delta to star transformation is,
Product of two adjacent arms of 
Any arm of star connection =
Sum of arms of 

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 STAR TO DELTA TRANSFORMATION
Three resistors RA , RB and RC connected in star formation and its
equivalent delta connection is shown below

Star and its Equivalent Delta

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 STAR TO DELTA TRANSFORMATION
• Dividing (5) by (6) we obtain,
RA RCA
 (8)
RB RBC
RA RBC
 RCA  (9)
RB
• Dividing (5) by (7) we obtain,
RA RAB
 (10)
RC RBC
RA RBC
 RAB  (11)
RC
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 STAR TO DELTA TRANSFORMATION
• Substituting (9) and (11) into (5),
RB RC
RBC  RB  RC  (12)
RA

• Similarly,
RA RB (13)
RAB  RA  RB 
RC

RC RA
RCA  RC  RA  (14)
RB

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 STAR TO DELTA TRANSFORMATION
• Easy way to remember star to delta transformation is,
Resistance between two terminals of Δ =
Sum of star resistances connected to those terminals +
product of same two resistances divided by the third

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 STAR\DELTA TRANSFORMATION

• If a star network has all resistances equal to R, its equivalent

delta has all resistances equal to ?

• If a delta network has all resistances equal to R, its equivalent

star has all resistances equal to ?

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 STAR\DELTA TRANSFORMATION

• If a star network has all resistances equal to R, its equivalent

delta has all resistances equal to 3R.

• If a delta network has all resistances equal to R, its equivalent

star has all resistances equal to R/3.

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SUMMARY

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 EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE

• The equivalent resistance of a circuit or network between its any

two points (or terminals) is that single resistance which can replace
the entire circuit between these points (or terminals).

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 DEFINITIONS
• STAR/DELTA CIRCUITS: These circuits generally possess
star/delta configurations and needs to be simplified using necessary
transformations and are converted into series parallel circuits.

Neither Series Nor Parallel Circuit

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 EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE OF STAR/DELTA CIRCUIT
• The circuit is a combination of neither series nor parallel circuits.

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 EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE OF STAR/DELTA CIRCUIT

• RULE: Such circuit form star/delta. Use star delta transformation

and convert to equivalent series-parallel circuit.
• Changing Delta formed by points A,B,C into equivalent Star,
R R
RY   R/3
RRR
• The circuit formed is now combination of series-parallel circuit.
• The series-parallel circuit is further simplified to series circuit.

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 EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE OF STAR DELTA CIRCUIT
The circuit now becomes a simple series-parallel circuit and can be
solved easily. A

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EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Q. Convert the Y network to an equivalent Δ network.

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Soln:

7.5  5
Ra  7.5  5   25 ohms
3
7.5  3
Rb  7.5  3   15 ohms
5
5 3
Rc  5  3   10 ohms
7.5

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Q. Convert the Δ network to an equivalent Y network.

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Soln:
Rb Rc 10  25
R1    5 ohms
Ra  Rb  Rc 15  10  25

Rc Ra 25  15
R2    7.5 ohms
Ra  Rb  Rc 50
Ra Rb 15  10
R3    3ohms
Ra  Rb  Rc 50

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Q. Using delta/star transformation, find equivalent resistance across AC.

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Soln: Delta can be replaced by equivalent star-connected resistances,

RAB RDA 10  20
R1    2.86 ohms
RAB  RDA  RBD 10  40  20

RAB RBD 10  40
R2    5.72 ohms
RAB  RDA  RBD 10  40  20

RDA RBD 10  40
R3    11.4 ohms
RAB  RDA  RBD 10  40  20
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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Figure now becomes,

(30  5.72)  (15  11.4)

RAC  2.86   18.04 ohms
 30  5.72   15  11.4 
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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Q. Calculate equivalent resistance across terminals A and B.

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Soln: Converting inner STAR (3 ohms, 3 ohms and 1 ohms ) into Delta.

3 3
R1  3  3   15 ohms
1
3 1
R2  3  1   5 ohms
3
1 3
R3  1  3   5 ohms
3
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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Circuit now becomes,

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Delta-connected resistances 1 Ω, 5 Ω and 8 are converted in star,

1 8 4
R 
'
 ohms
1 5  8 7
1

5 1 5
R2 
'
 ohms
1  5  8 14

8 5 20
R3  '
 ohms
1 5  8 7
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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Circuit now becomes,

4  5 || 20 20  
RAB     2.5       7.6  10 ohms
7  14   7 9 
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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Q. Calculate equivalent resistance across terminals A and B.

50
 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Soln: Replacing inner STAR into DELTA.

51
 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
15.8 ohm is in parallel with 5 ohm and 26.3 ohm is in parallel with
4 ohm, circuit becomes

52
 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Converting upper delta into star,

53
EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Now equivalent resistance can be calculated as,

Req  (3·8 + 2·98) || (1·99 + 3·5) + 1·2

 4.23 ohms

54
 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Q. Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit and use it to
find current i.

55
 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Soln: In this circuit, there are two Y networks and three Δ networks.
Transforming just one of these will simplify the circuit.

56
 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
We convert the Y-network comprising the 5-Ω, 10-Ω, and 20-Ω resistors
into delta.
5  10
R1  5  10   17.5 ohms
20
(comes in parallel with 12.5 Ω)

5  20
R2  5  20   35 ohms
10
(comes in parallel with 15 Ω)

10  20
R3  10  20   70 ohms
5
(comes in parallel with 30 Ω)
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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

Combining the three pairs of resistors in parallel, we obtain.

(12.5 || 17.5 Ω) Rab  (7.292  10.5)||21 

17.792  21
=9.632 ohms
17.792  21
(30 || 70 Ω)

(15 || 35 Ω) vs 120
i   12.458 A
Rab 9.632
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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Q. Determine the load current in branch EF in the circuit shown.

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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Sol. ACGA forms delta, Converting it to equivalent star.

200  500 500  200 200  200

RAN   111.11ohms RGN   111.11ohms RCN   44.44ohms
900 900 900
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EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Circuit can be redrawn as

RNEF  111.11  600  711.11ohms

RND  600  44.44  644.44ohms
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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
Branches NCD and NEF are in parallel, 711.11 || 644.44=338 ohms.

V 100
Total current I in the circuit = I    0.222 A
Req 111.11  338
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 EXERCISE/NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
To obtain current in branch EF, we apply current division formula.

RNCD
I NEF I
RNCD  RNEF

644.44
 0.222 
711.11  644.44

 0.1055 A

63
 EXERCISE
Q. A square and its diagonals are made of a uniform covered wire. The
resistance of each side is 1 Ω and that of each diagonal is 1·414 Ω.
Determine the resistance between two opposite corners of the square.

64
 EXERCISE
Q. Determine the resistance between the terminals A and B of the network.

65
 EXERCISE
Q. Find the current in 10 Ω resistor in the network shown by star-delta
transformation.

66
 EXERCISE
Q. Using star/delta transformation, determine the value of R for the
network shown such that 4Ω resistor consumes the maximum power.

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 REFERENCES
[1] Charles. K. Alexander and Matthew Sadiku “Fundamental of Electric Circuits”,
McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121, ch. 2 and 3.
[2] Edward Hughes, John Hiley, Keith Brown and Ian McKenzie Smith Hughes
“Electrical & Electronic Technology”, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh Gate,
England, ch. 2 and 3.
[3] V. K. Mehta and Rohit Mehta “Basic Electrical Engineering”, S. Chand & Company
Pvt. Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi, ch. 2.

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