DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

A
SUMMER VOCATIONAL TRAINING REPORT
ON
(01/07/2019to30/07/2019)
132/33K.V. SUB-STATION CSPTCL BILASPUR CHHATTISGRH
AT

Chhattisgarh State Power Transmission Company Limited

Submitted to:

Submitted by:

Dr. C.V. Raman Institute of Science and Technology

Kota, Bilaspur (C.G.)

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the fifth semester of the
degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Session: 2019-2020

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

MRS.SHIKHA SINGH VAIBHAV DANGE
(Assistant Engineer (T) Sub Div. Student of (B.E.) Electrical Engineering
Chhattisgarh State Power Transmission Company Limited 3th Year 5th Semester
Tifra Bilaspur)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CHHATTISGARH STATE POWER TRANSMISSION COMPANY
LIMITED

1
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE…………………………03

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………….04
LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………01-35.
1.) INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………..05-10
1.1)Le-Out Of Substation
1.2) Introduction For Substations
1.3) The Transformer of Substation
2.) LIST OF EQUIPMENT……………………………………………..11-32
2.1)overhead line transmisson
2.2)Transformers
2.3)Power line carrier communication (PLCC)
2.4) Busbars
2.5) Circuit breaker
2.6) Isolaters
2.7) Insulators
2.8) Relay
2.9) capacitor bank
3.) PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION………………………………….33-40
3.1)Lightning arrestors
3.2)Transformer protection
3.3) Transformer cooling
3.4) earthing and bonding
3.5)substation fault and their mattens
4.) CONCLUSION……………………………………………………….41
5.) REFEERENCE………………………………………………………..42

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 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

This project work title: a summer vocational training report at Chhattisgarh state power
transmission limited, Tifra, Bilaspur has been carried out by me and my training duration
was from 01/07/2019 to 30/07/2019, under the supervision of Mrs.Shikh Singh (Assistant
Engineer (T) Sub Div.Chhattisgarh State Power Transmission Company Limited Tifra
Bilaspur)

This is the original work carried out by me & has neither been taken nor been
submitted to any institute as a fulfillment of any other curriculum.

NAME OF THE STUDENT

Name: Vaibhav Dange
Student of (B.E.) Electrical Engineering
3th Year 5th Semester
Enroll no.CV/15015/1302

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of any project requires guidance & help from a number of people.
I take my immense pleasure in expressing a whole hearted thanks to all the officials who
guided me all the way through my training in the organization. I therefore take this
opportunity to express my profound sense of gratitude to all those who extended their whole
hearted help & support to me in carrying out the project work.

I express my deep gratitude to Mrs.Shikh Singh(Assistant Engineer(T)Sub Div.Chhattisgarh

State Power Transmission Company Limited Tifra Bilaspur)who provided me an insight into
the working that enhanced my knowledge and with their support & cooperation.

NAME OF THE STUDENT

Vaibhav dange
Student of (B.E.) Electrical Engineering
3th Year 5th Semester
Enroll no.CV/15015/1302

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 1.) INTRODUCTION
The 132 KV substation was commissioned in the year 1950-56.

There are four main 132 KV bus incoming for the substation. These buses are:-

1. 132 KV Mopka Line

2. 132 KV Silpahari Line

3. 132KV Chakarbhata
4. 132KV Patharia

Now the transmission line first parallel connected with lightning arrester to diverge surge,
followed by CVT connected parallel. CVT measures voltage and steeps down from 132KV
to63.5Volts A.C. for control panel, at the location a wave trap is connected to carrier
communication at higher frequencies. A current transformer is connected in series with line
which measure current and step down current at ratio 800:400:200:1 for control panel.

Switchgear equipment is provided, which is the combination of a circuit breaker having an

isolator at each end. Two transformers are connected to main bus. The main bus has total
capability of 40 MVA for 132 KV, which is subdivided into two transformer capacity of
40MVA parallel connected for 132KV.

In addition to the Main bus, Transfer Bus is also provided in the substation in case any
maintenance work is to be carried out on the main bus or there is a glitch in the main bus.
After the Main bus, lightning arresters, current transformers, isolators and circuit breakers
before the transformers are provided. Current Transformers steps down current at ratio
400:200:1 for control panel. Then Transformer step downs voltage from 132KV to 33KV.
The main bus is then again provided with switchgear equipment & a current transformer.
This gives way to six feeders transmitting power to various places . The main bus is
connected to jack bus or transfer bus through a bus coupler & 33KV is provided with
switchgear equipment.

This gives way to feeders transmitting power to

1. Nehuru nagar
2. Belgahena
3. Kota
4. Nova
5. Takhatpur

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6. Raipur
7. Sirgitty
8. Sirgitty industrial
9. Spinning mill
10. Vyapar vihar
11. Sbr

A step down transformer of132KV/33KV is connected to control panel to provide supply to

the equipments of the substation. Capacitor bank is connected to main bus of 33KV. It is
provided to improve power factor &voltage profile.

Figure:-1 The 132KV/33KV Substation Tifra Bilaspur

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1.1)THE SINGAL LINE DIGRAMME OF 132/33KV SUBSTATION
TIFRA BILASPUR

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 1.2) INTRODUCTION FOR SUBSTATIONS
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission and distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may
flow through several substations at different voltage levels. Substations may be owned and
operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large industrial or commercial
customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision
and control. A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high
transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two
different transmission voltages.
Substations are classified by two broad categories:-

1. According to the service requirement:

• Transformer substation

• Switch substation

• Power factor correction substation

• Frequency change substation

• Converting substation

• Industrial substation

• Collector Substation

• Convertor Substation

• Switching Substation

2. According to the constructional features:

• Indoor substation

• Outdoor substation

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• Underground substation

• Pole mounted substation

Figure:-2. The 132 KV Transmition tower Tifra Bilaspur

1.3) The Transformer Substation:-

They are known as transformer substations as because transformer is the main

component employed to change the voltage level, depending upon the purposed served
transformer substations may be

Project Report classified into:-

A) Step Up Substation

The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in transmission

of electric power. These are generally located in the power houses and are of outdoor type.

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B) Primary Grid Substation

Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the voltage
level to 33KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid substation is generally of
outdoor type.

C) Secondary Substations

At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV. The 11KV
lines runs along the important road of the city. The secondary substations are also of outdoor
type.

D) Distribution Substation

These substations are located near the consumer’s localities and step down to 400V,
3- phase, 4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any two phases is
400V & between any phase and neutral it is 230V.

Figure:-3. The Different Type Of Substations

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 2.) STEPS LIST OF EQUIPMENT OF SUBSTATION

2.1) Overhead Line Terminations:-

Two methods are used to terminate overhead lines at a substation.
a) Tensioning conductors to substation structures or buildings
b) Tensioning conductors to ground winches.

The choice is influenced by the height of towers and the proximity to the substation. The
following clearances should be observed:

VOLTAGE LEVEL MINIMUM GROUND CLEARANCE

less than 11kV 6.1m

11kV - 20kV 6.4m

20kV - 30kV 6.7m

greater than 30kV 7.0m

Tubal No 01clearance In Accordance With Voltage Value

STANDARD SIZES OF CONDUCTOR FOR LINES OF VARIOUS VOLTAGES

The following sizes have now been standardized by CEA for transmission lines of different
voltages:-

1.) For 440 KV Lines

Twin 'Moose' ACSR having 7-Strands of steel of dia 3.53 mm and 54-Strands of
Aluminum of dia 3.53 mm.

2.) For 220 KV Lines

'Zebra' ACSR having 7-strand of steel of dia 3.18 mm and 54-Strands of Aluminum
of dia3.18 mm.

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 3.) For 132 KV Lines

'Panther' ACSR having 7-strands of steel of dia 3.00 mm and 30-Strands of Aluminum
of dia 3.00 mm.

Conductors Used In Substation Design:-

An ideal conductor should fulfill the following requirements:

I. Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time curre
II. Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces comprise
self- weight, and weight of other conductors and equipment, short circuit forces
and atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading.
III. Should be corona free at rated voltage.
IV. Should have the minimum number of joints.
V. Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
VI. Should be economical.

The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminums. Steel may be
used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion. In an effort
to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized, and these include: Flat
surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and Tubular Conductors.

Figure:-4. 132 KV 'Panther' ACSR having 7-strands of steel

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2.2) TRANSFORMERS:-

Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at same
frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage & high
voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction
principle.
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.
Types of Transformers:-
1. Power Transformer
It is used for the transmission purpose at heavy load, high voltage greater than 33 KV
& 100% efficiency. It also having a big in size as compare to distribution transformer, it used
in generating station and Transmission substation at high insulation level. They can be of two
types: Single Phase Transformers and Multi Phase Transformers.

Figure: -5. Power Transformer

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2. Instrument Transformers

These transformers are used for the measurement purposes at that points where
standard voltmeters and ammeters cannot be used. They are of two types:-

a.) Current Transformer

Current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating electric currents.

When current in a circuit is too high to apply directly to measuring instruments, a current
transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the
circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A
current transformer isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high
voltage in the monitored circuit.

Figure: -6. Current Transformer

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 b.) Potential Or Voltage Transformer

Voltage transformers (VT) (also called potential transformers (PT)) are a parallel
connected type of instrument transformer, used for metering and protection in high-voltage
circuits or phsor phase shift isolation. They are designed to present negligible load to the
supply being measured and to have an accurate voltage ratio to enable accurate metering. A
potential transformer may have several secondary windings on the same core as a primary
winding, for use in different metering or protection circuits.

Figure: -7. Potential or Voltage Transformer

3.) On the basis of working
On the above basis, transformers are of two types: Step up Transformer and Step down
Transformer.

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4.) Distribution Transformers
A distribution transformer is a transformer that provides the final voltage transmission
in the electrical power distribution system, stepping down voltage to the level used by
customers.

Figure: -8. 33KV/0.4KV Distribution Transformers

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2.3) POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC)
Reliable & fast communication is necessary for safe efficient & economic power supply. To
reduce the power failure in extent & time, to maintain the interconnected grid system in
optimum working condition; to coordinate the operation of various generating unit
communication network is indispensable for state electricity board. In state electricity boards,
the generating & distribution stations are generally located at a far distance from cities where
P & T communication provided through long overhead lines in neither reliable nor quick.

Power-line communication (PLC) carries data on a conductor that is also used simultaneously
for AC electric power transmission or electric power distribution to consumers. By using the
existing AC power lines as a medium to transfer the information, it becomes easy to connect
the houses with a high speed network access point without installing new wirings. This
technology has been in wide use since 1950 and was mainly used by the grid stations to
transmit information at high speed.

PRINCIPLE OF (PLCC):-
Power-line communications systems operate by adding a modulated carrier signal to the
wiring system. All type of information is modulated on carried wave at frequency 50Hz to
500 KHz. The modulated HF carrier fed into the power line conductor at the sending end and
filtered out again at the respective stations. Long earlier system double side band amplitude
modulation was more common but the present amplitude modulated system.
Since high voltage power lines are designed to carry large quantities of energy on the high
voltage and the communication system at low voltage, they cannot be directly connected to
high voltage lines. Suitably designed coupling equipments have therefore to be employed
which will permit the injection of high frequency carrier signal without undue loss and with
absolute protection of communication equipments or operating personal from high voltage
hazard.
Therefore, the coupling equipment essentially comprises the following:
1.) Wave Trap or Line Trap
Wave trap is connected in series with power line between the point of connection of
coupling capacitor and S/S. Wave trap offers negligible impedance to HF carrier. Wave trap
stands electromechanically and thermally for short circuit current in the event of fault on the
line. On the basis of blocking frequency bank, the wave trap can be following type:

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a) All wave
b) Single Frequency
c) Double Frequency’
d) Broad Band

2.) Coupling Capacitor

The modulated carrier is let into power line through coupling capacitor specially
designed to with stand line voltage under all-weather condition. The upper end of the
coupling capacitor is connected directly to the line and the lower end is connected to the
ground through a carrier frequency chock coil or drain coil. Thus coupling capacitor forms
the link between the PLCC equipment and power line. The coupling capacitor used in
UPSEB is 2200pf capacitance.
The coupling capacitor are designed for outdoor use and hence to withstand normal
atmospheric phenomenon such as temperature & humidity changes, rain, snow, anticipated
wind load, nominal wire tension etc. at full rated voltage. In some case capacitive voltage
transformers (CVT) used as a source of line voltage for metering and protection as also used
coupling capacitor for PLCC.
3.) Protective Device of Coarse Voltage Arrestor
This is connected across the primary of the coupling filter i.e. one end is connected to
the bottom of the coupling capacitor and other end is earthed. This is provided to protect the
coupling filter against line surges. An air gap is provided, where voltage of the order of 1.8 to
2KV as observed across due to lighting etc. on line.

4.) Coupling of Filter

The coupling filter is inserted between the low voltage terminal of the coupling
capacitor and the carrier frequency connection of the carrier terminal. Sometime an earth
switch is also provided with this unit. This unit mainly performs two functions; firstly it
isolates the connection of equipment from the power line. Secondly it serves to match
characteristic impedance of the power line to that of the H.F. Cable to connection
equipments.

5.) H. F. Cable
H.F. cable normally used to connect the coupling filter to another coupling terminal.
The cable is insulated to withstand the test voltage of 4KV. The impedance of this H.F. cable

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is so as to match with the output of the PLCC terminal and secondary impedance of coupling
filter.
APPLICATION OF PLCC:-
PLCC technology can be deployed into different types of applications in order to provide
economic networking solutions. Hence merging with other technologies it proves useful in
different areas. These are few key areas where PLC communications are utilized:

a. Transmission & Distribution Network:

PLCC was first adopted in the electrical transmission and distribution system to
transmit information at a fast rate.
b. Home control and Automation:
PLCC technology is used in home control and automation. This technology can reduce
the resources as well as efforts for activities like power management, energy conservation,
etc.
c. Entertainment:
PLCC is used to distribute the multimedia content throughout the home.
d. Telecommunication:
Data transmission for different types of communications like telephonic
communication, audio, video communication can be made with the use of PLCC technology.
e. Security Systems:
In monitoring houses or businesses through surveillance cameras, PLCC technology
is far useful.

Figure: -9.Wave Trap

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2.4) BUSBARS:-

When numbers of generators or feeders operating at the same voltage have to be directly
connected electrically, bus bar is used as the common electrical component. Buses bars are
made up of copper rods operate at constant voltage. The following are the important bus bars
arrangements used at substations:
•Single bus bar system
•Single bus bar system with section alisation.
•Duplicate bus bar system

In large stations it is important that break downs and maintenance should interfere as little as
possible with continuity of supply to achieve this, duplicate bus bar system is used. Such a
system consists of two bus bars, a main bus bar and a spare bus bar with the help of bus
coupler, which consist of the circuit breaker and isolator.
In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance
and repairs. An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this. Isolator operates under no load
condition. It does not have any specified current breaking capacity or current making
capacity. In some cases isolators are used to breaking charging currents or transmission lines.

While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while closing a circuit
the isolator is closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are necessary on supply side of
circuit breakers, in order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker from live parts for the
purpose of maintenance.
A transfer isolator is used to transfer main supply from main bus to transfer bus by using bus
coupler (combination of a circuit breaker with two isolators), if repairing or maintenance of
any section is required.

Figure: -10. Bus Bars

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2.5) CIRCUIT BREAKERS
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to
detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and
then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to
resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that
protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high
voltage circuits feeding an entire city. There are different types of circuit breakers which are:

1.) Low-voltage circuit breakers

Low-voltage (less than 1,000 VAC) types are common in domestic,

commercial and industrial application, and include Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
and Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB).

Fig:-11. Low-voltage circuit breakers

2.) Magnetic circuit breakers

Magnetic circuit breakers use a solenoid (electromagnet) whose pulling force

increases with the current. Certain designs utilize electromagnetic forces in addition
to those of the solenoid.

Fig:-12.Magnetic circuit breakers

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 3.) Thermal magnetic circuit breakers
Thermal magnetic circuit breakers, which are the type found in most
distribution boards, incorporate both techniques with the electromagnet responding
instantaneously to large surges in current (short circuits) and the bimetallic strip responding
to less extreme but longer-term over-current conditions. The thermal portion of the circuit
breaker provides an "inverse time" response feature, which trips the circuit breaker sooner for
larger over currents.

Fig:-13.Thermal magnetic circuit breakers

4.) Common trip breakers

Three-pole common trip breaker for supplying a three-phase device. This breaker
has a 2A rating. When supplying a branch circuit with more than one live conductor, each
live conductor must be protected by a breaker pole. To ensure that all live conductors are
interrupted when any pole trips, a "common trip" breaker must be used. These may either
contain two or three tripping mechanisms within one case, or for small breakers, may
externally tie the poles together via their operating handles.

Fig:-14. Common trip breakers

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 5.) Air circuit breakers
Rated current up to 6,300 a and higher for generator circuit breakers. Trip
characteristics are often fully adjustable including configurable trip thresholds and delays.
Usually electronically controlled though some models are microprocessor controlled via an
integral electronic trip unit. Often used for main power distribution in large industrial plant,
where the breakers are arranged in draw- out enclosures for ease of maintenance.

Fig:-15. Air circuit breakers

6.) Vacuum circuit breakers

With rated current up to 6,300 A, and higher for generator circuit breakers. These
breakers interrupt the current by creating and extinguishing the arc in a vacuum container.

Fig:-16. Vacuum circuit breakers

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 7.) Oil circuit breakers
A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and
extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose
high pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary
insulation to prevent a restrike of the arc.
The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elongation upon parting of contacts and
because of intensive cooling by the gases and oil vapor. They are further of two types:
Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (BOCB) and Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB).

Fig:-17. Oil circuit breakers

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 8.) Sulfur hexafluoride (Sf6) high-voltage circuit breakers
A sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses contacts surrounded by sulfur hexafluoride
gas to quench the arc. They are most often used for transmission-level voltages and may be
incorporated into compact gas-insulated switchgear.
1

Fig:-18. Sulfur hexafluoride (Sf6) high-voltage circuit breakers

2.6.) ISOLATERS:-
In electrical engineering, a disconnector, disconnect switch or isolator switch is used to
ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such
switches are often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications, where
machinery must have its source of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. High-
voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus
such as circuit breakers, transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance. The
disconnector is usually not intended for normal control of the circuit, but only for safety
isolation. Disconnector can be operated either manually or automatically (motorized
disconnector).
Unlike load break switches and circuit breakers, disconnectors lack a mechanism for
suppression of electric arc, which occurs when conductors carrying high currents are
electrically interrupted. Thus, they are off-load devices, intended to be opened only after
current has been interrupted by some other control device. Safety regulations of the utility
must prevent any attempt to open the disconnector while it supplies a circuit. Standards in

25
some countries for safety may require either local motor isolators or lockable overloads
(which can be padlocked).

Disconnectors have provisions for a padlock so that inadvertent operation is not possible
(lockout-tag out). In high-voltage or complex systems, these padlocks may be part of a
trapped- key interlock system to ensure proper sequence of operation. In some designs, the
isolator switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated circuit thereby providing
additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply to circuits which inter-connect power
distribution systems where both ends of the circuit need to be isolated.

Figure:-19. Isoletars

2.7) INSULATORS:-

An electrical insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely,
and therefore make it very hard to conduct an electric current under the influence of an
electric field. The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and
confine the current to the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of
insulator is porcelain. There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type,
post insulator etc.) and their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement.

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Different types of insulator are:-

 Pin type insulator:-

As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is mounted on a pin on the cross-arm on
the pole. There is a groove on the upper end of the insulator. The conductor passes through
this groove and is tied to the insulator with annealed wire of the same material as the
conductor. Pin type insulators are used for transmission and distribution of electric power at
voltages up to 33 kV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators become too
bulky and hence uneconomical.

Fig:-20 .Pin type insulator

 Suspension insulator:_
For voltages greater than 33 kV, it is a usual practice to use suspension type insulators
shown in Figure. Consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal link s
in the form of a string. The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the
other end of the string is secured to the cross-arm of the tower. The number of disc units
used depends on the voltage.

Fig:-21.Suspension insulator

27
  Strain insulator
A dead end or anchor pole or tower is used where a straight section of line ends, or
angles off in another direction. These poles must withstand the lateral (horizontal) tension of
the long straight section of wire. In order to support this lateral load, strain insulators are
used. For low voltage lines (less than 11 kV), shackle insulators are used as strain insulators.
However, for high voltage transmission lines, strings of cap-and-pin (disc) insulators are
used, attached to the crossarm in a horizontal direction. When the tension load in lines is
exceedingly high, such as at long river spans, two or more strings are used in parallel.

Fig:-22. Strain insulator

 Shackle insulator
In early days, the shackle insulators were used as strain insulators. But now a day,
they are frequently used for low voltage distribution lines. Such insulators can be used either
in a horizontal position or in a vertical position. They can be directly fixed to the pole with a
bolt or to the cross arm.

Fig:-23. Shackle insulator

28
2.8) RELAYS:-
In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur
somewhere in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly
detected and disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits
the amount of damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system.
For high voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of automatic
protective gear. The relays detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency,
current, phase angle. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the
current flowing in the line increases to the enormous value. This result in a heavy current
flow through the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its contacts. This in turn
closes the trip circuit of the breaker making the circuit breaker open and isolating the faulty
section from the rest of the system. In this way, the relay ensures the safety of the circuit
equipment from the damage and normal working of the healthy portion of the system.
Relay works on two main operating principles:-
 Electromagnetic Attraction
 Electromagnetic Induction

RELAY USED IN CONTROLLING PANEL OF SUBSTATION

 Differential Relay
A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of the two or more
electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or
greater than the pickup value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the
faulty section.

Fig:-24. Differential Relay

29
  Over Current Relay
This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined value.
The actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a current
transformer. These relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault flow in the
either direction. This relay operates when phase to phase fault occurs.

Fig:-25.Over Current Relay

 Earth Fault Relay
This type of relay sense the fault between the lines and the earth. It checks the vector
sum of all the line currents. If it is not equal to zero, it trips.

Earth Fault Relay

 Tripping Relay
This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main relay sense any
fault in the system, it immediately operates the trip relay to disconnect the faulty section from
the section.

Fig:-26. Tripping Relay

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  Auxiliary Relay
An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb or showing various
flags.

Fig:-27. Auxiliary Relay

2.9) CAPACITOR BANK

The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which
increases the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low power
factor is mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore take
lagging currents. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes increases in current,
resulting in additional losses. So in order to ensure most favorable conditions for a supply
system from engineering and economic stand point it is important to have power factor as
close to unity as possible. In order to improve the power factor come device taking leading
power should be connected in parallel with the load. One of such device can be capacitor
bank. The capacitors draw a leading current and partly or completely neutralize the lagging
reactive component of load current.

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Main functions of Capacitor Bank are:-
• Supply Reactive Power
• Improve Terminal Voltage
• Improve Power Factor
1

Fig:- 28. Capacitor Bank

32
 03.) PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION

3.1) LIGHTNING ARRESTORS:-

A lightning arrestor is a device used in power systems and telecommunications systems to

protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning.
The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a
lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the
arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.

Fig:-29. Lightning Arrestors of 132kv substation

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3.2) TRANSFORMER PROTECTION:-
Transformers are totally enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed. Therefore
chances of fault occurring on them are very easy rare, however the consequences of even a
rare fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the
system. This provides adequate automatic protection for transformers against possible faults.
Various protection methods used for transformers are:-

 Buchholz Relay

Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled power transformers and
reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called a conservator. The Buchholz
Relay is used as a protective device sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure inside the
equipment. Depending on the model, the relay has multiple methods to detect a failing
transformer. On a slow accumulation of gas, due perhaps to slight overload, gas
produced by decomposition of insulating oil accumulates in the top of the relay and forces
the oil level down. A float switch in the relay is used to initiate an alarm signal. Depending
on design, a second float may also serve to detect slow oil leaks. If an arc forms, gas
accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the conservator. This flow of oil operates a
switch attached to a vane located in the path of the moving oil. This switch normally will
operate a circuit breaker to isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional damage.

Fig:-30. Buchholz Relay

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  Conservator and Breather

When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil level goes
either up or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil level up to
predetermined value in the transformer main tank by placing it above the level of the top of
the tank. Breather is connected to conservator tank for the purpose of extracting moisture as it
spoils the insulating properties of the oil. During the contraction and expansion of oil air is
drawn in or out through breather silica gel crystals impregnated with cobalt chloride. Silica
gel is checked regularly and dried and replaced when necessary.

Fig:-31. Conservator and Breather

 Marshalling box

It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the oil and winding of main tank. If
temperature of oil or winding exceeds than specified value, relay operates to sound an alarm.
If there is further increase in temperature then relay completes the trip circuit to open the
circuit breaker controlling the transformer.

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3.3) TRANSFORMER COOLING:-

When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the removal
of heat is called cooling.There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:

a.) Air natural cooling

In a dry type of self-cooled transformers, the natural circulation of surrounding air is

used for its cooling. This type of cooling is satisfactory for low voltage small transformer.

b.) Air blast cooling

It is similar to that of dry type self-cooled transformers with to addition that

continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and winding for better cooling.
A fan produces the blast.

c.) Oil natural cooling

Medium and large rating transformers have their winding and core immersed in oil,
which act both as a cooling medium and an insulating medium. The heat produce in the cores
and winding is passed to the oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by
cool oil from the bottom of the cooling tank.

d.) Oil blast cooling

In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of transformers
immersed in oil.

e.) Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling

Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a cooling
plant. Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank.

f.) Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling

In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water heat
exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat exchanger.

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 Fig:-33. Transformer Cooling

3.4) EARTHING AND BONDING

The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system
connection to which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected in order
to pass the maximum fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no thermal or
mechanical damage occurs on the equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety
to operation and maintenance personnel. The earthing system also guarantees equipotent
bonding such that there are no dangerous potential gradients developed in
the substation. In designing the substation, three voltages have to be considered these are:
1.) Touch Voltage
This is the difference in potential between the surface potential and the potential at
earthed equipment whilst a man is standing and touching the earthed structure.

2.) Step Voltage

This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a distance of 1m with
his feet while not touching any other earthed equipment.

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 3.) Mesh Voltage
This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh of the earthing grid.
Substation earthing Calculation Methodology
Calculations for earth impedances touch and step potentials are based on site measurements
of ground resistivity and system fault levels. A grid layout with particular conductors is then
analyzed to determine the effective substation earthing resistance, from which the earthing
voltage is calculated.
In practice, it is normal to take the highest fault level for substation earth grid calculation
purposes. Additionally, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient margin such that expansion of the
system is catered for.
To determine the earth resistivity, probe tests are carried out on the site. These tests are best
performed in dry weather such that conservative resistivity readings are obtained.

EARTHING MATERIALS
They are many type of materials:-
1.) Conductors
Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The copper
bars themselves usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square millimeters, and they are laid
at a shallow depth of 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m squares. In addition to the buried potential earth
grid, a separate above ground earthing ring is usually provided, to which all metallic
substation plant is bonded.
2.) Connections
Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered because the heat
generated during fault conditions could cause a soldered joint to fail. Joints are usually
bolted.
3.) Earthing Rods
The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the dissipation of earth
fault currents and further reduce the overall substation earthing resistance. These rods are
usually made of solid copper, or copper clad steel.

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 4.) Switchyard Fence Earthing
The switchyard fence earthing practices are possible and are used by different utilities. These
are:
a.) Extend the substation earth grid 0.5m-1.5m beyond the fence perimeter. The fence is then
bonded to the grid at regular intervals.
b.) Place the fence beyond the perimeter of the switchyard earthing grid and bond the fence to
its own earthing rod system. This earthing rod system is not coupled to the main substation
earthing grid.

Fig:-34. Pipe Earthing

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 3.5) SUBSTATION FAULT AND THEIR MITTENS:-

1.) Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does not
necessarily result in loss of supply.
2.) A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer and feeder
circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
3.) A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the substation. All
circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
4.) Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit.
5.) Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows circuit breaker
maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit.

Fig:-35. Substation Fault And Their Mittens

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4.) CONCLUSION:-
Now from this report one can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life.
At the end of the training, I came to know about the various parts of substations and how they
are operated. Also I learnt about how transmission is done in various parts of chhattisgarh .
As evident from the report, a substation plays a very important role in the transmission
system. That’s why various protective measures are taken to protect the substations from
various faults and its smooth functioning. chhattisgarh state power transmission company
limited takes such steps so that a uniform and stable supply of electricity can reach in every
part of this state.

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5.)REFERENCE:-
1.) Energy efficiency in electrical utilities, Guide book for National certification examination
for energy managers and energy auditors, Bureau of energy efficiency, Ministry of Power,
Govt. of India, 2014.
2.) www.wikepedia.com
3.) www.slideshare.com
4.) www.electrical-installation.org
5.) www.home-energy-metering.com
6.) www.enspecpower.com
7.) www.allaboutcircuits.com

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