RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(Session 2020-23)

SEMINAR PRESENTATION ON

“MICROGRID”

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Prof ANNAPURNA BHARGAVA ADITYA KUMAWAT
Electrical Engg. Dept 19EUCEE004
RTU, Kota 8th Semester
CONTENT
•POWER SYSTEM
•INTRODUCTION TO MICROGRID
•NEED OF MICROGRID
•COMPONENTS OF MICROGRID
•EXAMPLES OF MICROGRID
•CHALLENGES OF MICROGRID
•ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES
•TYPES
•PROTECTION
•FUTURE
 POWER SYSTEM
A power system consist of various parts
• GENERATION
• TRANSMISSION
• DISTRIBUTION
A Typical power system
 INTRODUCTION TO MICROGRID
What is a microgrid?
A microgrid is a grid which work in a particular area
including local generators , renewable sources etc.

Renewable sources includes

• Photovoltaic cells
• Wind mills
 NEED OF MICROGRID
• Microgrid can help to solve energy problem
• Microgrid can helpful in rural areas
• Reliability can be increased
• Cost will be reduced as transmission part is
eliminated
• Contribution in energy sector as load on grids can
be reduced
 COMPONENTS OF
MICROGRID

• Distributed generation
• Storage system
• Controller
• loads
EXAMPLES OF MICROGRID

A village in Rajasthan
using microgrid
IElectrix has launched its Shakti microgrid in New Delhi
CHALLENGESOF MICROGRID
 ADVANTAGES OF MICROGRID

• Reliability
• Utility grid will be relaxed
• Environmental effects will be reduced
• Transmission losses are reduced
• Increase the resilience of the grid
DISADVANTAGES Of MICROGRID

• New structure is required

• Synchronizing with utility grid is difficult
• Protection is a big challenge
• Uses advance power electronics converters
which are costly
 TYPES OF MICROGRID

• AC microgrid
• DC microgrid
• Hybrid microgrid
AC MICROGRID
AC micro grid is the most common type as it can be
connected to the utility grid without any conversion
system.
Since the evolution of the microgrid concept, ac
microgrids have occupied a central place in research,
with several publications regarding their control and
operational
The distribution system of an ac microgrid can
principally be classified as one of three types, single-
phase or three-phase with/without neutral-point lines.
DC MICROGRID
The concept of a dc microgrid, which has a better
short circuit protection with enhanced efficiency, has
emerged due to the extensive application of modern
electronic equipment and the availability of
environmentally friendly dc sources (solar and fuel
cells). These microgrids exhibit higher efficiency and
have a lower conversion process for the application
of dc loads than ac microgrids.
The distribution network of a dc microgrid can be
one of three types: monopolar; bipolar; or
homopolar.
HYBRID MICROGRID
Hybrid microgrids consist of both ac and dc electricity
distribution network.
The purposes of constructing hybrid microgrids are to
minimize conversion stages, reduce interfacing devices,
increase reliability and reduce energy costs, thereby
improving the overall efficiency of the network. Such a
structure enables both ac and dc power to be supplied
to a distribution network while clients can use
electricity according to their needs (ac or dc).
 MICROGRID TYPE OF OPERATION

• Grid connected
• Islanded
GRID CONNECTED MODE OF OPERATION
ISLANDED MODE OF OPERATION
 PROTECTION OF MICROGRID
BASIC PROTECTION REQUIREMENT

• Selectivity
• Sensitivity
• Reliability
• Speed
 ISSUES IN PROTECTION
Faults during Grid Connected Mode – During the occurrence of fault in Microgrid the protection
devices in distributed energy resources (DER) must respond only after the activation of protective
devices provided at PCC. With the fault ride through capability (FRT), DER should continue its work. For
fault within the microgrid, the designed protection strategy should disconnect the faulty portion from
the rest of system. The conventional OC protection scheme is set at fault current of 10-50 times of the
full load current. Some non-fault cases result in voltage unbalance at PCC. which are difficult to
identify. Hence, there is a need for much effective protection schemes to avoid such unwanted
situations.
Faults during Island Mode– In this mode, the nature of issue is different from the previous one. The
fault current of an islanded microgrid is of 5 times of the load current.Here, the OC protection scheme
is set to get activated at 2-10 times of the full load current. This can be reduced to 2-3 times of the full
load current for converter based DERs in microgrid. This difference makes the usage of fuses rather
than OC protection devices in microgrid.
Changes in Fault current magnitude– The fault current level is high in grid connected mode rather
than island mode. According to types of DG the fault current contribution also varies. Fault current of
synchronous type DG is 5 times of the rated current and inverter fed DG is 1.5 times of the rated
current. Hence, prediction of fault current is difficult because the magnitude of fault current depends
upon many parameters including the mode of operation, type of DGs and number of DGs
Reduction in reach of impedance relay – The occurrence of fault in downstream of the bus DG
connected to utility grid, impedance measured by relay located in upstream is higher than real
fault impedance. This affects grading of relays and causes delay in operation or sometimes relay
does not operate at all.
Bi-directional Power flows – Unidirectional power flow (Substation to load) takes place in
conventional distribution system. The interconnection of DGs in distribution end makes the
power flow reverse and leads to power quality issues, voltage variation and protection issues.
False Tripping – It occurs when a DG is located near to the substation in a feeder and if fault
current in a healthy feeder is supplemented by the DG connected in neighboring feeder then the
protection device in the healthy feeder may isolate the circuit unnecessarily.
Blinding of Protection – When DG is connected to a network and if fault occurs in that feeder, the
impedance of the grid is much higher than the DG impedance. This makes the short circuit
current less than the pickup current of the feeder relay which leads to the failure in detection of
fault.
Re-Synchronisation After islanding, the process of re-synchronization taking place to reconnect
the microgrid with main grid through the re-synchronization equipment at PCC
Solutions for Protection Issues
The combination of primary and backup  protective schemes should be available in a
microgrid protection scheme, so that the unhealthy portions can be isolated from the
rest of the system. The introduction of DGs in main grid makes the system more
compIicated. Hence, usage of fuse and overcurrent relays for protection makes the
system very simple. Therefore, an efficient protection scheme must be developed to
cope up with the above said issues.
Current Limiter – The placement of Fault Current Limiters near PCC is to limit the fault
current supplied by the utility grid to microgrid and vice versa. During normal operating
condition the FCL is kept in minimum position to neglect unnecessary losses and in
maximum position under faulty condition.
Centralized Protection – In centralized protection, Microgrid Management System is
used to supervise the status of microgrid and to set rating of the respective protection
equipment. Here the communication of protective devices is based on standards
IEC61850. Based on the status of the microgrid (grid connected or island) received
through MMS, the protecting devices make comparison between the measured
parameter and the operating curves set then provides trip signal.
Adaptive Protection – The introduction of DG units in the utility grid pose changes in fault
current magnitude. Hence, the revision of power rating of protecting equipment should be
done. Also the mode of operation of microgrid and other network changes must be
updated periodically in adaptive protection. This can be effectively done with the help of
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol(TCP/IP)based Ethernet network.
Protection Based on Variables – The protection of microgrid is also possible with the help
of various parameters like samples of current, voltage, angles, travelling wave, wavelet
packet transform (WPT) – as well as some local variables such as rms current, rms voltage,
voltage THD (Total Harmonic Distortion), current THD and symmetrical components of
current and voltage.
Distance Protection – The impedance (Zm) from the measured voltage (Vm) and current
(Im) at each relay point is used here. At normal condition the measured impedance is
higher as it includes load impedance. During fault, the measured impedance is low as it is
equal to the line impedance. By comparing the Zm with the preset value the protection is
getting activated.
 DEVICES USED FOR
PROTECTION

• Fuses
• Miniature circuit breaker(MCB)
• Moulded case circuit breaker(MCCB)
• Circuit breakers
• Backup protection
 FUTURE TRENDS
In future demand for microgrid will increase.
It can potentially replaces the existing grid
network.
It uses advance technology for power supply
and can be developed as a smart grid
MAJOR COMPANIES
Thank you