DISTRIBUTED

GENERATION AND
CONCEPT OF
MICRO-GRID

DILEEP G
INTRODUCTION
 DG’s are not centrally planned or centrally
dispatched by the power utility.
 DG’s are usually smaller than 50 MW.
 DG’s are usually connected to the distribution
system, which are typically of voltages 230/415 V
up to 145 kV.
 Solar energy, wind power, fuel cells, natural gas,
biogas, CHP systems, Stirling engines and micro-
turbines.
 With the integration of DG the distribution
network becomes active and hence, it is termed
as active distribution network.
INTEGRATION OF DISTRIBUTED
GENERATION TO GRID
 RESs are projected as an alternative to
depleting fossil fuel reserve.
 DERs produce clean and eco-friendly electrical
energy.
 Exploitation of RES reduces environmental
pollution and global warming.
 T&D losses associated with DG systems are
negligible since they are located close to the
load.
 Grid-connected and stand-alone operations of
DERs help to improve overall reliability and
power quality.
ACTIVE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
 In passive distribution network electricity
transportation is only from utility grid to
consumers.
 Consumers in passive distribution network
completely depend on utility grid for power.
 A passive distribution network can be made
an active distribution network by adding DG
units to it.
 Addition of DG units makes the network
bidirectional where power flow from utility
grid and to utility grid.
CONCEPT OF MICROGRID
 Microgrids are non-conventional, small-scale,
low voltage CHP supply networks designed to
address electrical and heat demands of a small
community.
 Microgrid is corporation of different loads and
DG systems at distribution voltage level.
 Microgrids consist of modular renewable DERs
of small capacity while conventional power
plants consist of large generators.
 Power generated from microsources is directly
fed to distribution network at distribution
voltage.
TYPICAL MICROGRID
CONFIGURATION
MICROSOURCE CONTROLLER
 Key function of MC is to control the voltage
profile at load-end and power flow of the
microsource.
 Participates in load tracking/management, DSM
and economic generation scheduling.
 Responds quickly to the locally monitored
currents and voltages irrespective of the data
from CC or the neighboring MCs.
 Enables plug-and-play operation of
microsources.
 Facilitates addition of new microsources and
removal of faulty microsource.
CENTRAL CONTROLLER
 Overall control of over Microgrid operation.
 Protection of Microgrid through the MCs.
 CC guarantees energy optimization for the
Microgrid.
 Maintains specified frequency and voltage at
the consumer end through voltage and P-f
control.
 Provides the power dispatch and voltage set
points for all the MCs and also co-ordinates
protection of Microgrid.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT MODULE
 EMM provides set points for frequency, voltage,
active and reactive power output to each MC.
 Microgrids operate satisfactorily as per prior
operational contracts with utility grid.
 Microsources supply heat and electrical loads
to consumer as per the demand.
 Microsources operate at their highest possible
efficiencies.
 Microgrids satisfy its obligatory bindings in
minimizing emission of greenhouse gases and
particulates and system losses.
PROTECTION CO-ORDINATION
MODULE
 Guarantees correct protection co-ordination
of Microgrid.
 Adapts to change in fault current levels
during change over from grid-connected to
stand-alone mode and vice versa.
 When a utility grid fault occurs, PCM
switches Microgrid to stand-alone mode.
 Permits Microgrid to ride through grid-
connected mode for some time, and it
continues if any temporary fault is removed.
 Ensures continuity of service and improved
reliability by initializing local black start.
AC MICROGRID SYSTEMS
DC MICROGRID SYSTEMS
INTERCONNECTION OF
MICROGRIDS
 Microgrids have restricted energy handling
capability.
 Hence, through a common distribution
network Microgrids are interconnected to
supply a large load pocket.
 Large load pocket is divided into several small
controllable load units and each unit is
supplied by one Microgrid.
 CCs of neighboring Microgrids in
interconnected network must carry out its
control in close co-ordination with each other.
ENERGY ROUTER-BASED
INTERCONNECTING FRAMEWORK FOR
THE MICROGRIDS SYSTEM
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL
ADVANTAGES OF MICROGRID
 Reduction in amount of total particulate and
gaseous emission reduces global warming and
environmental pollution.
 Physical proximity of loads and microsource
helps in reducing T&D feeder congestion and
losses.
 Reducing investments for expansion of
generation and transmission systems by
proper asset management.
 Improvement in reliability and power quality.
 Achieves following cost savings.
CHALLENGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF MICROGRID
 The high installation cost of DERs for
Microgrids is a great disadvantage.
 Technical difficulties.
 Absence of proper standards.
 Standard regulations and legislation are not
yet framed to regulate the operation of
Microgrids.
 Control of energy prices during standalone
mode of operation of Microgrid where energy
supplied to priority load is a big issue.
SMART GRID

“The Smart Grid is an advanced digital two-

way power flow power system capable of
self- healing, adaptive, resilient and
sustainable with foresight for prediction
under different uncertainties. It is equipped
for interoperability with present and future
standards of components, devices and
systems that are cyber-secured against
malicious attack.”
NEED FOR SMART GRID
 Opportunities to take advantage of
improvements in electronic communication
technology.
 To resolve the limitations and costs of the
electrical grid have become apparent.
 Concerns over environmental damage from
fossil-fired power stations.
 The rapidly falling costs of renewable based
sources point to a major change from the
centralized grid topology to one that is
highly distributed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART
GRID
 Provides consumers better choice of supply
and information.
 Permits consumers to play a part in
optimizing operation of the system.
 It operates durably during cyber or physical
attacks, disasters and delivers energy to
consumers with enhanced levels of security
and reliability.
 It provides quality in power supply to house
sensitive equipment that enhances with the
digital economy.
FUNCTIONS OF SMART GRID
 Integrate numerous new smaller electricity
generation facilities.
 Balance out fluctuations in electricity yields
that arise as a result of the use of renewable
energies.
 Using time synchronized sensors,
communications, and information processing.
 Automated separation and subsequent
reconnection of an independently operated
portion of the T&D system.
 Customers are provided with information to
make educated decisions about their
electricity use.
EVOLUTION OF SMART GRID
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE
SMART GRID
-AMI (network and meters)
Nerves -Advanced visualization and grid sensing
technology
-DR (via. dynamic pricing)
-Building energy management systems
Brains (EMS)
- Data management systems (DMS)
- End-use energy efficiency
- DGs from CHP, renewable and other
Muscle sources
-Energy storage technologies (including
PHEVs)
-New transmission lines (superconducting
Bones and HVDC)
- New substation equipments and
transformers
THE EVOLUTION OF THE SMART
GRID
BENEFITS OF SMART GRID
 Self-Healing: Detects and responds to routine
problems and quickly recovers if they occur,
minimizing downtime and financial loss.
 Motivates and includes the consumer.
 Provides power quality for 21st century
needs.
 Accommodates all generation and storage
options.
 Supports energy markets that encourage both
investment and innovation.
THE FUTURE OF SMART GRID
 Strengthening the utility grid.
 Developing decentralized architectures.
 Integrating intermittent generation.
 Active demand side.
 Capturing the benefits of DG and storage.
 Preparing for electrical vehicles.
 Enhanced intelligence of generations.
 Advanced power system monitoring,
protection and control.
THANK YOU