BONGAIGAON POLYTECHNIC

Winter internship

(3rd SEMESTER)

SUBMITTED BY: RAJU SINGHA

AEGCL 132 KV GRID SUBSTATION DHALIGAON
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled is an original piece of work by RAJU SINGHA student of
Bongaigaon Polytechnic 3rd semester and is in with the internship training.
This report is submitted towards the partial fulfillment of the condition laid down for AEGCL and
embodies the work done by under my guidance and supervision.

SIGNATURE OF THE INCHARGE

SIGNATURE OF THE SUPERVISOR

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deep gratitude to Mr. BIJOY BARMAN (AGM, T&C Division), Mr.
RUPJYOTI SARMA (AGM, Dhaligaon GSS), Mr. BIBEK BARUTI(AM), Mr. TAPAN SARKAR(SDO)
for their active support and continuous guidance without which it would not have been done.
They are generous enough to take time from their regular work to lend a helping hand whenever needed
to complete the project.
I would also like to mention the generous guidance of Mr. ANISH BISWAS (AM), Mr. SHUBHO
CHATTERJEE (JM) whose guidance helped e settle down in the organization and complete the project in
relatively short fame of 12 days, from 20th of January to 1st of February 2020.
 DECLARATION

I RAJU SINGHA student of Bongaigaon Polytechnic 3rd semester hereby submit the report on internship
training 2020.

This report consists of the original work done by me under the able guidance and supervision of my in
charge Mr. ANISH BISWAS (AM), Mr. SHUBHO CHATTERJEE (JM)

Date

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT
 ABSTRACT

During this internship training we have learned about how the transformers actually works, from where
do the supply come from, the generating substation and how it gets distributed among the consumers. The
transformers works on mutual induction. When the current works on mutual induction. When the current
passes through the primary coil, a flux is produced which when passes through the secondary, an emf is
induced due to which we get current through the secondary coil.
The current generated at the generating station has very low value of voltage which is about 11KV-33KV.
So, the voltage is stepped up to high voltage (EHV) i.e. 132KV-220KV and higher for transmission. Then
after the grid substation the voltage is stepped down to 33KV and lower values for distribution system.
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. 132 KV DHALIGAON GRID SUB-STATION, AEGCL
3. SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 132 KV DHALIGAON GRID SUB-STATION,
AEGCL
4. DIFFERENT EQUIPMENTS IN THE SUBSTATION
 LIGHTNING ARRESTER
 CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
 WAVE TRAPS
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
 ISOLATOR
 BUS ISOLATOR
 LINE ISOLATOR
 TRANSFER BUS ISOLATOR
 EARTH SWITCH
 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
 POWER TRANSFROMER
 PARTS OF TRANSFORMER
 SCADA
 RELAY
5. BATTERY BANK
6. MEGGER (TESTING INSTRUMENT)
7. CONCLUSION
 Introduction

Assam Electricity Grid Corporation Limited, a vibrant growth oriented public sector Company registered
under “company act, 1956”. It was formed out restructured Assam state electricity board in 2003 and was
notified as the State Transmission Utility (STU). Its core business is to efficiently transport electric power
from electrical power bulk heads to the distribution company networks in Assam.
Assam Grid Electricity Corporation Limited inherited 3862 circuit km of EHV lines above 66 KV voltage
class and 38 numbers of EHV substation having a total transformation capacity of 1636.50 MVA at its
birth in 2003. Since its inception, it has added 1584 circuit km of EHV lines and has added 4125 MVA
transformation capacity by a way of commissioning 17 new EHV substations and augmenting existing
substation. It has also added Reactive power compensation at 33 KV bus to the tune of 285 MVAR.
Assam Electricity Grid Corporation Limited had also added one 400/200 KV grid substation and one
220/33 KV GIS substation during the preceding years.
As on 21-07-18, AEGCL has 65 nos. of EHV grid substations (400KV-1no, 220KV-11nos and 132KV-
10nos.)
Assam Electricity Grid Corporation Limited is playing a strategic role as it is the largest “STU” in the NE
region. It also understands its responsibility towards the entire North East India and is always extending a
helping hand by transporting a fair share of power to the other states of the region.
Assam Electricity Grid Corporation Limited has consistency maintained the transmission system
availability bottlenecks get eradicated. It pledges to deliver unrelenting brilliance in performance, deliver
power efficiently but economically show high safety standards and is committed to respect environmental
and heritage issues.
 132 KV DHALIGAON GRID SUB-STATION, AEGCL

132 KV dhaligaon grid sub-station, AEGCL gives power supply to almost half part of Assam state. The
Sub-station gets the 132 KV line from BTPS Line#1 and BTPS Line#2. It is distributed in terms of 33 KV
and 132 KV. The 33 KV line is supplied to Birjhora, Kajolgaon, Shyamthibari, Bijni, Bypass FDR, Spare
FDR, Chapaguri, IOCL (BGR), Dolaigaon, Railway. And the 132 KV line is supplied to Barnagar,
Gossaigaon, BGR (IOCL), Nalbari (Rangia), APM (Jhogighopa). Many new advanced technologies have
been installed in this sub-station. Relays, SCADA etc. are some of the equipment installed currently. It
consists of a master control station with one or more PC-based human machine interface (HIMIs). Total
power import is -47.19 MW and total power export is 35.42 MW. It has two transformer of rating 50
MVA and 25 MVA.
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 132 KV DHALIGAON GRID SUB-STATION, AEGCL
 DIFFERENT EQUIPMENTS IN THE SUBSTATION

LIGHTNING ARRESTER
This device is used for the protection of the equipment
at the substation. In other words, Lightning Arrester
diverts the abnormal high voltage to the ground
without affecting the continuity of supply. This
device itself take damage for the protection of the
other equipment. The typical lightning arrester has a
high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a
lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very
similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the
current from the surge is diverted through the arrester,
in most cases to earth.

In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrester

is placed when wires enter a structure, preventing
damage to electronic instruments within and ensuring
the safety of individuals near them. Smaller versions
of lightning arresters, also called surge protectors, are
devices that are connected between each electrical
conductor in power and communications systems and
the Earth. These prevent the flow of the normal power
or signal currents to ground, but provide a path over
which high-voltage lightning current flows, bypassing
the connected equipment. Their purpose is to limit the
rise in voltage when a communications or power line
is struck by lightning or is near to a lightning strike.
If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the
electrical system introduces thousands of kilovolts that
may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to transformers and other electrical
or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage spikes in incoming power lines can damage
electrical home appliances or even produce death. Lightning arresters are used to protect electric fences.
They consist of a spark gap and sometimes a series inductor. Such type of equipment is also used for
protecting transmitters feeding a mast radiator. For such device the series inductance has usually just one
winding.
Lightning arresters can form part of large electrical transformers and can fragment during transformer
ruptures. High-voltage transformer fire barriers are required to defeat ballistics from small arms as well as
projectiles from transformer bushings and lightning arresters, per NFPA 850
 CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Capacitive Voltage Transformer is a step down

transformer just like potential transformer which
converts high voltage to low voltage. CVT is also
required for measuring high voltage. The circuit
diagram for a simple capacitor voltage transformer.

In its most basic form, the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the transmission line
signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device to the line frequency, and a voltage transformer to
isolate and further step down the voltage for metering devices or protective relay.
The tuning of the divider to the line frequency makes the overall division ratio less sensitive to changes in
the burden of the connected metering or protection devices. The device has at least four terminals: a
terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary terminals which
connect to the instrumentation or protective relay.
Capacitor C1 is often constructed as a stack of smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a
large voltage drop across C1 and a relatively small voltage drop across C2. As the majority of the voltage
drop is on C1, this reduces the required insulation level of the voltage transformer. This makes CVTs
more economical than the wound voltage transformers under high voltage (over 100 kV), as the latter one
requires more winding and materials
 WAVE TRAPS

Wave trap functions are –

 Wave trap is a parallel tuned inductor - capacitor tank circuit made to be resonant at desired
communication frequency. It reduces corona losses in transmission lines in power system.
 Wave trap is installed in the substation for trapping the high frequency communication signal
sent on the line from remote substation and diverting them to the telecom panel in substation
control room. These high frequency signal should not be coming on the buses as these may
damage the equipment.
 A wave trap is a device that allow only a particular frequency to pass through it that it filters
the signals coming on to it. So a wave trap is connected between buses and the transmission
line which allow only 50 Hz signal to pass through it.
 This is relevant in power carrier communication (PLCC) system for communication among
various substation without dependence on telecom company network. The signals are primarily
teleportation signal and in addition, voice and data communication signal.
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

A Current Transformer is a type of transformer that is used to reduce or

multiply an alternating current. It is also used to measure current. One of
the easiest way to identify the CT is that it has two ends and is connected
in series.

A Current Transformer has a primary winding, a core and a secondary

winding, although some transformers, including current transformers,
use an air core. While the physical principles are the same, the details of a
"current" transformer compared with a "voltage" transformer will differ
owing to different requirements of the application. A current transformer
is designed to maintain an accurate ratio between the currents in its
primary and secondary circuits over a defined range.

The alternating current in the primary produces an alternating magnetic

field in the core, which then induces an alternating current in the
secondary. The primary circuit is largely unaffected by the insertion of
the CT. Accurate current transformers need close coupling between the
primary and secondary to ensure that the secondary current is
proportional to the primary current over a wide current range. The current
in the secondary is the current in the primary (assuming a single turn
primary) divided by the number of turns of the secondary. In the
illustration on the right, 'I' is the current in the primary, 'B' is the magnetic
field, 'N' is the number of turns on the secondary, and 'A' is an AC
ammeter.

Current transformers typically consist of a silicon steel ring core wound with many turns of copper wire
as shown in the illustration to the right. The conductor carrying the primary current is passed through the
ring. The CT's primary, therefore, consists of a single 'turn'. The primary 'winding' may be a permanent
part of the current transformer, i.e. a heavy copper bar to carry current through the core. Window-type
current transformers are also common, which can have circuit cables run through the middle of an
opening in the core to provide a single-turn primary winding. To assist accuracy, the primary conductor
should be centered in the aperture.
 ISOLATOR

Isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of circuit from the system as when required. Isolator
is operated when a circuit has no load (off load) or else it will cause damage. It is operated manually.

Depending upon the position in power system, the Isolators can further be categorized into following
three types according to their placement in the power system.

1. Bus side isolator: It directly connects to the main bus

2. Line side isolator: It is generally located at line side of the feeder
3. Transfer bus side isolator: It directly connects to the transfer bus.

BUS ISOLATOR

A bus isolator is an off-load switch that connects the line breaker and
the bus. It sits between circuit breaker and bus.

LINE ISOLATOR

A line isolator is an off-load switch that connects the line breaker and the
line. It sits between circuit breaker and current transformer.
 TRANSFER BUS ISOLATOR
The main conception of Main and Transfer
Bus System is, here every feeder line is directly
connected through an isolator to a
second bus called transfer bus. The said isolator in
between transfer bus and feeder line is generally
called bypass isolator.

EARTH SWITCH

Even after isolator operation there may be

some residual charges on the bus which
may harm the personnel going for
maintenance. So before commencing
maintenance we have to ground the
isolated bus too to avoid any mis
happening.

Main function of earth switch is to

ground the isolated bus/conductor. It is
interlinked with isolator, when isolator opens the circuit, earth switch is closed & when isolator closes the
circuit, earth switch is opened.

So earth switch provides extra safety to the working personnel.

What I described above is for type of maintenance earth switch but now-a-days high speed earth switch
are also being used in GIS. This high speed earth switch come with high speed motors and whenever any
fault occurs it will ground the faulted part immediately to protect the equipment.
 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

A Circuit Breaker is a device which

can make or break a circuit either
manually or automatically under
normal or faulty (short circuit or
overload) conditions. When fault
occurs in the circuit, Relay senses it
and sends signal to the respective CB.
It is mostly used to prevent from the
arc occurred due to high voltage.
A circuit breaker in which Sulphur
Hexafluoride (SF6)gas is used as the
arc quenching medium, known as
an SF6 circuit breaker.
SF6 gas has excellent insulating
property and it has a high
electronegativity. Due to high electronegativity, it has a high affinity for absorbing free electrons. It
absorbs electrons to form a negative ion. Ions are obviously much heavier than a free electron and
therefore over all mobility of charged particles in SF6 gas is much less as compared to the other common
gases.
We know that the mobility of charged particles is majorly responsible for conducting current through a
gas. Hence, for heavier and less mobile charged particles in SF6 gas, it acquires very high dielectric
strength.
Not only the gas has a good dielectric strength but also it has the unique property of fast recombination
after the arc is removed. The gas also has excellent heat transfer property. Due to its low gaseous
viscosity, SF6 gas can efficiently transfer heat by convection. So due to high dielectric strength and high
cooling effect, SF6 gas is approximately 100 times more effective arc quenching media than air. Due to
these unique properties of this gas, SF6 circuit breaker is used in a complete range of medium voltage and
high voltage electrical power system. These circuit breakers are available for the voltage ranges from
33KV to 800 KV and even more.
 POTENTIAL TRANFORMER

Potential Transformer is a voltage step down transformer which

reduces high voltage circuit to a lower level. These are connected in
parallel. The transformer step down the voltage to a safe limit which
can be easily measured by low voltage instrument (voltmeter,
wattmeter).
The basic principle of operation and construction of this transformer is
similar to the standard power transformer. In common, the potential
transformers are abbreviated as PT.

The primary winding consists of a large number of turns which is connected across the high voltage side
or the line in which measurements have to be taken or to be protected. The secondary winding has lesser
number of turns which is connected to the voltmeters, or potential coils of wattmeter and energy meters,
relays and other control devices. These can be single phase or three phase potential transformers.
Irrespective of the primary voltage rating, these are designed to have the secondary output voltage of 110
V.

Since the voltmeters and potential coils of other meters have high impedance, a small current flows
through the secondary of PT. Therefore, PT behaves as an ordinary two winding transformer operating on
no load. Due to this low load (or burden) on the PT, the VA ratings of PTs are low and in the range of 50
to 200 VA. On the secondary side, one end is connected to the ground for safety reasons as shown in
figure.
 POWER TRANSFORMER

A Power Transformer is a type of transformer

that is used to transfer electrical energy. Some basic
components are- Laminated core, Windings,
Transformer oil, Tap changer, Oil conservator tank,
cooling tubes, Explosive vent, Breather. It has two
windings, the primary winding is responsible for
supplying alternating current (AC) and it produces
magnetic flux, then the flux linking to the secondary
coil winding also changes resulting in induced e.m.f.
But the direction of induced e.m.f in the secondary
coil opposes the causes of producing the alternating
flux by the primary coil.
A varying current in the transformer's primary
winding attempts to create a varying magnetic flux in
the transformer core, which is also encircled by the
secondary winding. This varying flux at the secondary winding induces a varying electromotive
force (EMF, voltage) in the secondary winding due to electromagnetic induction and the secondary
current so produced creates a flux equal and opposite to that produced by the primary winding, in
accordance with Lenz's law.
The windings are wound around a core of infinitely high magnetic permeability so that all of the magnetic
flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings. With a voltage source connected to the
primary winding and a load connected to the secondary winding, the transformer currents flow in the
indicated directions and the core magnetomotive force cancels to zero.
According to Faraday's law, since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary
windings in an ideal transformer, a voltage is induced in each winding proportional to its number of
windings. The transformer winding voltage ratio is directly proportional to the winding turn ratio.

CONSERVATOR
Conservator serves two important functions:

(1) In an oil filled transformer, the active parts i.e. core-coil

assembly should be oil immersed always and conservator
ensures this. Once the oil level in conservator is maintained at
the minimum level (as indicated by conservator oil gauge), you
are sure that the active parts are fully oil immersed.

(2) It provides space for oil expansion. When the transformer is

loaded, oil heats up and expands. Likewise, when the load on
transformer is reduced, oil temperature goes down and oil
contracts.
 EXPLOSIVE VENT

In an explosion vent, the diaphragm is fitted at the exposed end of the vent, which should
be inspected at frequent intervals and replaced if found deteriorated / damaged. Failure to
replace the defective diaphragm quickly may allow the ingress of moisture, which will
contaminate should be made to determine the nature and cause of the fault before re-
energising the transformer.

COOLING TUBES

In this method, heat is transferred to the oil surrounding the core and windings
and it is conducted to the walls of the transformer tank. Finally, the heat is
transferred to the surrounding air by radiation and convection.

BUCHHOLZ RELAY

Buchholz relay in a transformer is an oil container housing the

connecting pipe from the main tank to the conservator tank. It has
mainly two elements. The upper element consists of a float. The float
is attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down
depending upon the oil level in the Buchholz relay Container.

BREATHER

Silica gel breather controls the level of moisture entering the

conservator tank during the breathing process. It will be blue
when installed and they turn to pink colour when they absorb
moisture which indicates the crystals should be replaced .
 Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA)

Nowadays, computer control is one of the

most cost effective solutions for improving
reliability, optimum operation, intelligent
control and protection of a power
system network. Having advanced data
collection capabilities, SCADA
system plays a significant role in power
system operation.
Typically, at distribution side SCADA does
more than simply collecting data by
automating entire distribution network and
facilitating remote monitoring, coordinate, control and operating distribution components just like in Smart
Grid System.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition or simply SCADA is one of the solutions available for data
acquisition, monitor and control systems covering large geographical areas. It refers to the combination of
data acquisition and telemetry.

The major functions of SCADA can be categorized into following types.

 Substation Control
 Feeder Control
 End User Load Control
 RELAY

A relay is an electromagnetic switch that is used to turn on and tur

n off a circuit by a low power signal, or where several circuits mus
t be controlled by one signal.

The relay function can be better understood by explaining the

following diagram given below.

Relay Design

The diagram shows an inner section diagram of a relay. An iron core is surrounded by a control coil. As
shown, the power source is given to the electromagnet through a control switch and through contacts to the
load. When current starts flowing through the control coil, the electromagnet starts energizing and thus
intensifies the magnetic field. Thus the upper contact arm starts to be attracted to the lower fixed arm and
thus closes the contacts causing a short circuit for the power to the load. On the other hand, if the relay was
already de-energized when the contacts were closed, then the contact move oppositely and make an open
circuit.

As soon as the coil current is off, the movable armature will be returned by a force back to its initial position.
This force will be almost equal to half the strength of the magnetic force. This force is mainly provided by
two factors. They are the spring and also gravity.

Relays are mainly made for two basic operations. One is low voltage application and the other is high
voltage. For low voltage applications, more preference will be given to reduce the noise of the whole circuit.
For high voltage applications, they are mainly designed to reduce a phenomenon called arcing.
 BATTERY BANK

A substation battery charger ensures all the

essential electrical systems in a substation
continue to operate in the event of a power
outage. An absence of an electrical supply
could result in damage to equipment and
personnel. The DC system is the most
important component of a high voltage
industrial/utility substation. It supplies the
energy needed to manage the protective
devices and high voltage components and
allows electrical faults to be safely isolated.

Most high voltage substations house either a sealed or flooded cell battery bank. In a
normal functioning system, the batteries provide very little current. A continuous load
current maintains a constant charge on the battery. The battery charger provides a current
if the charge exceeds the output capability. A failing substation battery charger or if the
charger trips is a good indication of whether the system is working effe ctively.

An average battery load profile can last for up to 8 hours with the options to adjust the
duration to suit the requirements of the installation or application. Installing the correct
charging system is vital as it increases the service and the l ongevity of the battery system.
Selecting the correct substation battery charger system requires consideration of key
factors, such as environment, duty cycle and battery type.
 MEGGER

A megger is a portable instrument which is used to measure insulation

resistance of electrical machinery or system.
It can be battery operated or mechanically operated (hand crank dc
generator) and gives a direct reading in ohms. For this reason, it is also
called as ohm meter. Onboard ship, different systems are present with
large voltage ratings and therefore Megger comes in the range of 50, 500,
1000, 2500, and 5000 V, thereby making megger meter suitable for
applications on normal voltage equipment to more demanding high-
voltage applications.

The categories of a megger test equipment can be divided into two:

 Electronic Type (Battery Operated)

 Manual Type (Hand Operated)

Electronic Type Megger:

The electronic type megger, also known as electrical megger, is compact of all types and uses a battery
for operation.

Handheld Type Megger:

The handheld type megger is still used on the ship as it provides service without the need of battery and
external power source.
 CONCLUSION

Throughout the training I have learned many new things about a substation like its power distribution
system in rural and other parts of the places. New advanced technology had been introduced to us like
SCADA, Relay, etc. which are intelligent devices that play a significant role in power system operation.
I would like to thank the trainers for their valuable time towards us in teaching new things.