CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Electrical power is generated, transmitted in the form of alternating current. The electric power
produced at the power stations is delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission
& distribution. The transmission network is inevitable long and high power lines are necessary to
maintain a huge block of power source of generation to the load centers to inter connected. Power
house for increased reliability of supply greater.

The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency,
power factor etc.) of electric supply keeping the power constant is called a substation.

An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and

distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse using transformers.
Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and
may be changed in voltage in several steps.

Fig.1 - 220 KV GSS IG Nagar

1
Substations have switching, protection and control equipment and one or more transformers. In a
large substation, circuit breaker are used to interrupt any short-circuits or overload currents that may
occur on the network.
Depending on the constructional feature, the high voltage substations may be further
subdivided:
(a) Outdoor substation
(b) Indoor substation
(c) Base or Underground substation
1.1) 220KV Grid Substation, IG Nagar:
Its part of RRVPNL. It is situated 13.4km away from Jaipur. The power mainly comes from three
incoming feeders of 220 KV(Heerapura). The substation is equipped with various equipments and
there are various arrangements for the protection purpose. The equipments in the GSS are listed
previously. At this substation following feeders are established.
1. TIE FEEDERS
2. RADIAL FEEDERS
220KV GSS IG Nagar is an outdoor type primary substation and distribution as well it has not only
step down but the distribution work
The electrical work in a substation comprises to:
1. Choice of bus bar arrangement layout.
2. Selection of rating of isolator.
3. Selection of rating of instrument transformer.
4. Selection of rating of C.B.
5. Selection of lighting arrester [LA]
6. Selection of rating of power transformer
7. Selection of protective relaying scheme, control and relay boards.
8. Selection of voltage regulator equipment.
9. Design a layout of earthing grids and protection against lightening stockes.

2
1.2 INCOMING FEEDERS:

 220 KV(Heerapura)
 220 KV Bassi(PGCIL)
 Puranaghat(Currently Dead)
1.3 OUTGOING FEEDERS:

The outgoing feeders are:

1. Puranaghat 220 KV
2. Jagatpura 33 KV
3. Mahel 33 KV
4. IG Nagar 33 KV
5. Bisalpur 33 KV
6. Pradhan Marg 33 KV

Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited (RRVPNL) a company under the Companies Act,
1956 and registered with Registrar of Companies as "RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT PRASARAN
NIGAM LIMITED" vide No. 17-016485 of 2000-2001 with its Registered Office at VIDYUT
BHAWAN, JYOTI NAGAR, JAIPUR-302005 has been established on 19 July, 2000 by Govt. of
Rajasthan under the provisions of the Rajasthan Power Sector Reform act 1999 as the successor
company of RSEB. The RERC has granted RRVPNL a license for transmission and bulk supply vide
RERC/Transmission and Bulk Supply License 4/2001 dated 30.
Our aim is to provide reliable electric transmission service to these customers. As a public utility
whose infrastructure serves as the link in transporting electricity to millions of electricity users,
RRVPNL has following duties and responsibilities:
• Intra state transmission of electricity through Intra-State Transmission System.
• Ensuring development of an efficient, co-ordinated and economical system of intra-state
transmission of electricity from generating stations to Load Centers.
• Non-discriminatory Open Access to its transmission system on payment of transmission charges
• Complying with the directions of RLDC and SLDC, operating SLDC until any other authority is
established by the State Govt.
• Now RRVPNL is "An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Company".
3
4
5
 Fig. 2: Single Line Diagram of 220KV GSS Heerapura(Jaipur)

CHAPTER 2

LIGHTNING ARRESTER

Fig. 3- Lightning arrester

A lightning arrester (also known as surge diverter) is a device connected between line and earth i.e. in
parallel with the over headline, HV equipments and substation to be protected. It is a safety valve
which limits the magnitude of lightning and switching over voltages at the substations, over headlines

6
and HV equipments and provides a low resistance path for the surge current to flow to the ground.
The practice is also to install lightning arresters at the incoming terminals of the line.

All the electrical equipments must be protected from the severe damages of lightning strokes. The
techniques can be studied under:-

 Protection of transmission line from direct stroke.

 Protection of power station and sub-station from direct stroke.

 Protection of electrical equipments from travelling waves.

2.1) Types of Arrestors:-

2.1.1) Rod/sphere gap:- It is a very simple protective device i.e. gap is provided across the
stack of Insulators to permit flash-over when undesirable voltages are impressed of the
system.

2.1.2) Expulsion type LA:- It have two electrodes at each end and consists of a fiber tube
capable of producing a gas when is produced. The gas so evolved blows the arc
through the bottom electrode.

2.1.3) Valve type LA:- It consists of a divided spark-gap in series will a non linear resistor.
The divided spark gap consists of a no. of similar elements, each of it two electrode
across which are connected high resistor.

7
 CHAPTER 3

BUS BARS

Bus Bars are the common electrical component through which a large no of feeders operating at same
voltage have to be connected. If the bus bars are of rigid type (Aluminum types) the structure height
are low and minimum clearance is required. While in case of strain type of bus bars suitable ACSR
conductor are strung/tensioned by tension insulators discs according to system voltages. In the widely
used strain type bus bars stringing tension is about 500-900 Kg depending upon the size of conductor
used.

Here proper clearance would be achieved only if require tension is achieved. Loose bus bars would
effect the clearances when it swings while over tensioning may damage insulators. Clamps or even
effect the supporting structures in low temperature conditions.

The clamping should be proper, as loose clamp would spark under in full load condition damaging
the bus bars itself.

3.1) BUS BAR ARRENGEMENT MAY BE OF FOLLOWING TYPE

WHICH IS BEING ADOPTED BY R.R.V.P.N.L.:-
3.1.1) Single bus bar arrangement

3.1.2) Double bus bar arrangement

a) Main bus with transformer bus

b) Main bus-I with main bus-II

3.1.3) Double bus bar arrangement with auxiliary bus.

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3.1.1) SINGLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT :

This arrangement is simplest and cheapest. It suffers, however, from major defects.
1. Maintenance without interruption is not possible.
2. Extension of the sub station without a shut down is not possible
3.1.2) DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT :
1. Each load may be fed from either bus.
2. The load circuit may be divided in to two separate groups if needed from
operational consideration. Two supplies from different sources can be put on each
bus separately.
3. Either bus bar may be taken out from maintenance of insulators.
The normal bus selection insulators can not be used for breaking load currents. The
arrangement does not permit breaker maintenance without causing stoppage of supply.
3.1.3) DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS CONTAINS MAIN BUS WITH
AUXILARY BUS :

The double bus bar arrangement provides facility to change over to either bus to carry out
maintenance on the other but provide no facility to carry over breaker maintenance. The main
and transfer bus works the other way round. It provides facility for carrying out breaker
maintenance but does not permit bus maintenance. Whenever maintenance is required on any
breaker the circuit is changed over to the transfer bus and is controlled through bus coupler
breaker.

9
 CHAPTER 4

INSULATOR

The insulator for the overhead lines provides insulation to the power conductors from the ground so
that currents from conductors do not flow to earth through supports. The insulators are connected to
the cross arm of supporting structure and the power conductor passes through the clamp of the
insulator. The insulators provide necessary insulation between line conductors and supports and thus
prevent any leakage current from conductors to earth. In general, the insulator should have the
following desirable properties:

 High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind load etc.
 High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage currents to
earth.
 High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric strength is high.
 High ratio of puncture strength to flash over.
These insulators are generally made of glazed porcelain or toughened glass. Poly come type insulator
[solid core] are also being supplied in place of hast insulators if available indigenously. The design of
the insulator is such that the stress due to contraction and expansion in any part of the insulator does
not lead to any defect. It is desirable not to allow porcelain to come in direct contact with a hard
metal screw thread.

4.1) TYPE OF INSULATORS:

4.1.1: Pin type
4.1.2: Suspension type
4.1.3: Strain insulator
4.1.1) PIN TYPE: Pin type insulator consist of a single or multiple shells adapted to be
mounted on a spindle to be fixed to the cross arm of the supporting structure. When
the upper most shell is wet due to rain the lower shells are dry and provide sufficient
leakage resistance these are used for transmission and distribution of electric power at

10
 voltage up to voltage 33 KV. Beyond operating voltage of 33 KV the pin type
insulators thus become too bulky and hence uneconomical.

Fig. 4-Pin type insulator

4.1.2) SUSPENSION TYPE: Suspension type insulators consist of a number of porcelain

disc connected in series by metal links in the form of a string. Its working voltage is
66KV. Each disc is designed for low voltage for 11KV.

11
 Fig. 5-Suspension type insulator

4.1.3) STRAIN INSULATOR: The strain insulators are exactly identical in shape with the
suspension insulators. These strings are placed in the horizontal plane rather than the
vertical plane. These insulators are used where line is subjected to greater tension. For
low voltage lines (< 11KV) shackle insulator are used as strain insulator.

Fig. 6-Strain type insulator

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 CHAPTER 5

ISOLATORS

“Isolator" is one, which can break and make an electric circuit in no load condition. These are
normally used in various circuits for the purposes of Isolation of a certain portion when required for
maintenance etc. Isolation of a certain portion when required for maintenance etc. "Switching
Isolators" are capable of
 Interrupting transformer magnetized currents
 Interrupting line charging current
 Load transfer switching

13
 Fig. 7- Isolators

Its main application is in connection with transformer feeder as this unit makes it possible to
switch out one transformer, while the other is still on load. The most common type of isolators is the
rotating centre pots type in which each phase has three insulator post, with the outer posts carrying
fixed contacts and connections while the centre post having contact arm which is arranged to move
through 90` on its axis.
The following interlocks are provided with isolator:
a) Bus 1 and2 isolators cannot be closed simultaneously.
b) Isolator cannot operate unless the breaker is open.
c) Only one bay can be taken on bypass bus.
d) No isolator can operate when corresponding earth switch is on breaker.

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 CHAPTER 6

CIRCUIT BREAKER

The function of relays and circuit breakers in the operation of a power system is to prevent or limit
damage during faults or overloads, and to minimize their effect on the remainder of the system. This
is accomplished by dividing the system into protective zones separated by circuit breakers. During a
fault, the zone which includes the faulted apparatus is de-energized and disconnected from the
system. In addition to its protective function, a circuit breaker is also used for circuit switching under
normal conditions.

Each having its protective relays for determining the existence of a fault in that zone and having
circuit breakers for disconnecting that zone from the system. It is desirable to restrict the amount of
system disconnected by a given fault; as for example to a single transformer, line section, machine, or

15
bus section. However, economic considerations frequently limit the number of circuit breakers to
those required for normal operation and some compromises result in the relay protection.

Some of the manufacturers are ABB, AREVA, Cutler-Hammer (Eaton), Mitsubishi Electric,
Pennsylvania Breaker, Schneider Electric, Siemens, Toshiba, Končar HVS and others.

Circuit breaker can be classified as "live tank", where the enclosure that contains the breaking
mechanism is at line potential, or dead tank with the enclosure at earth potential. High-voltage AC
circuit breakers are routinely available with ratings up to 765,000 volts.

6.1) Various types of circuit breakers:-

6.1.1) SF6 Circuit Breaker

6.1.2) Air Blast Circuit Breaker
6.1.3) Oil Circuit Breaker
6.1.4) Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB)
6.1.5) Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker

6.1.1) SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:-

Sulphur hexafluoride has proved its-self as an excellent insulating and arc quenching medium. It has
been extensively used during the last 30 years in circuit breakers, gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), high
voltage capacitors, bushings, and gas insulated transmission lines. In SF6 breakers the contacts are
surrounded by low pressure SF6 gas. At the moment the contacts are opened, a small amount of gas is
compressed and forced through the arc to extinguish it.

16
 Fig. 8-SF6 Circuit Breaker

6.1.2) AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER:

The principle of arc interruption in air blast circuit breakers is to direct a blast of air, at high
pressure and velocity, to the arc. Fresh and dry air of the air blast will replace the ionized hot
gases within the arc zone and the arc length is considerably increased. Consequently the arc
may be interrupted at the first natural current zero. In this type of breaker, the contacts are
surrounded by compressed air. When the contacts are opened the compressed air is released in
forced blast through the arc to the atmosphere extinguishing the arc in the process.

17
 Fig. 9-Air Blast Circuit Breaker

Advantages:
An air blast circuit breaker has the following advantages over an oil circuit breaker:
 The risk of fire is eliminated
 The arcing products are completely removed by the blast whereas the oil deteriorates with
successive operations; the expense of regular oil is replacement is avoided
 The growth of dielectric strength is so rapid that final contact gap needed for arc extinction is
very small. this reduces the size of device
 The arcing time is very small due to the rapid build up of dielectric strength between contacts.
Therefore, the arc energy is only a fraction that in oil circuit breakers, thus resulting in less
burning of contacts
 Due to lesser arc energy, air blast circuit breakers are very suitable for conditions where
frequent operation is required

18
  The energy supplied for arc extinction is obtained from high pressure air and is independent
of the current to be interrupted.
Disadvantages:
Air has relatively inferior arc extinguishing properties.
 Air blast circuit breakers are very sensitive to the variations in the rate of restriking voltage.
 Considerable maintenance is required for the compressor plant which supplies the air blast
 Air blast circuit breakers are finding wide applications in high voltage installations. Majority
of circuit breakers for voltages beyond 110 kV are of this type.

6.1.3) OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Circuit breaking in oil has been adopted since the early stages of circuit breakers
manufacture. The oil in oil-filled breakers serves the purpose of insulating the live parts from the
earthed ones and provides an excellent medium for arc interruption. Oil circuit breakers of the
various types are used in almost all voltage ranges and ratings. However, they are commonly used at
voltages below 115KV leaving the higher voltages for air blast and SF6 breakers. The contacts of an
oil breaker are submerged in insulating oil, which helps to cool and extinguish the arc that forms
when the contacts are opened. Oil circuit breakers are classified into two main types namely: bulk oil
circuit breakers and minimum oil circuit breakers.

The advantages of using oil as an arc quenching medium are:

1. It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases, which have excellent cooling
properties.
2. It acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between live conductors and earthed
components.
The disadvantages of oil as an arc quenching medium are:
1. Its inflammable and there is risk of fire
2. It may form an explosive mixture with air.
3. The arcing products remain in the oil and it reduces the quality of oil after several
operations.
4. This necessitates periodic checking and replacement of oil.

19
 6.1.4) BULK OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Bulk oil circuit breakers are widely used in power systems from the lowest voltages up to 115KV.
However, they are still used in the systems having voltages up to 230KV. The contacts of bulk oil
breakers may be of the plain-break type, where the arc is freely interrupted in the oil, or enclose
within the arc controllers.
Plain-break circuit breakers consist mainly of a large volume of oil contained in a metallic tank. Arc
interruption depends on the head of oil above the contacts and the speed of contact separation. The
head of oil above the arc should be sufficient to cool the gases, mainly hydrogen, produced by oil
decomposition. A small air cushion at the top of the oil together with the produced gases will increase
the pressure with a subsequent decrease of the arcing time.

6.1.5) MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER:

Bulk oil circuit breakers have the disadvantage of using large quantity of oil. With frequent breaking and
making heavy currents the oil will deteriorate and may lead to circuit breaker failure. This has led to the
design of minimum oil circuit breakers working on the same principles of arc control as those used in
bulk oil breakers. In this type of breakers the interrupter chamber is separated from the other parts and
arcing is confined to a small volume of oil. The lower chamber contains the operating mechanism and the
upper one contains the moving and fixed contacts together with the control device. Both chambers are
made of an insulating material such as porcelain. The oil in both chambers is completely separated from
each other. By this arrangement the amount of oil needed for arc interruption and the clearances to earth
are roused. However, conditioning or changing the oil in the interrupter chamber is more frequent than in
the bulk oil breakers. This is due to carbonization and slugging from arcs interrupted chamber is
equipped with a discharge vent and silica gel breather to permit a small gas cushion on top of the oil.
Single break minimum oil breakers are available in the voltage range 13.8 to 34.5 KV.

CHAPTER 7
20
 PROTECTIVE RELAYS

Relays must be able to evaluate a wide variety of parameters to establish that corrective action is
required. Obviously, a relay cannot prevent the fault. Its primary purpose is to detect the fault and
take the necessary action to minimize the damage to the equipment or to the system. The most
common parameters which reflect the presence of a fault are the voltages and currents at the
terminals of the protected apparatus or at the appropriate zone boundaries. The fundamental problem
in power system protection is to define the quantities that can differentiate between normal and
abnormal conditions. This problem is compounded by the fact that “normal” in the present sense
means outside the zone of protection. This aspect, which is of the greatest significance in designing a
secure relaying system, dominates the design of all protection systems.

Fig. 10-Relays

7.1) Distance Relays:

Distance relays respond to the voltage and current, i.e., the impedance, at the relay location.
The impedance per mile is fairly constant so these relays respond to the distance between the relay
21
location and the fault location. As the power systems become more complex and the fault current
varies with changes in generation and system configuration, directional over current relays become
difficult to apply and to set for all contingencies, whereas the distance relay setting is constant for a
wide variety of changes external to the protected line.
7.2) Types of Distance relay:-

7.2.1) Impedance Relay:

The impedance relay has a circular characteristic centred. It is non directional and is used
primarily as a fault detector.
7.2.2) Admittance Relay:
The admittance relay is the most commonly used distance relay. It is the tripping relay in pilot
schemes and as the backup relay in step distance schemes. In the electromechanical design it
is circular, and in the solid state design, it can be shaped to correspond to the transmission line
impedance.
7.2.3) Reactance Relay:
The reactance relay is a straight-line characteristic that responds only to the reactance of the
protected line. It is non directional and is used to supplement the admittance relay as a
tripping relay to make the overall protection independent of resistance. It is particularly useful
on short lines where the fault arc resistance is the same order of magnitude as the line length.

CHAPTER 8

POWER TRANSFORMER
22
8.1) Windings:

Winding shall be of electrolytic grade copper free from scales & burrs. Windings shall be made in
dust proof and conditioned atmosphere. Coils shall be insulated that impulse and power frequency
voltage stresses are minimum. Coils assembly shall be suitably supported between adjacent sections
by insulating spacers and barriers. Bracing and other insulation used in assembly of the winding shall
be arranged to ensure a free circulation of the oil and to reduce the hot spot of the winding. All
windings of the transformers having voltage less than 66 kV shall be fully insulated. Tapping shall be
so arranged as to preserve the magnetic balance of the transformer at all voltage ratio. All leads from
the windings to the terminal board and bushing shall be rigidly supported to prevent injury from
vibration short circuit stresses.

Fig. 11-Power Transformer

8.2) Tanks and fittings:

Tank shall be of welded construction & fabricated from tested quality low carbon steel of adequate
thickness. After completion of welding, all joints shall be subjected to dye penetration testing.

23
At least two adequately sized inspection openings one at each end of the tank shall be provided for
easy access to bushing & earth connections. Turrets & other parts surrounding the conductor of
individual phase shall be non-magnetic. The main tank body including tap changing compartment,
radiators shall be capable of withstanding full vacuum.

8.3) Cooling Equipments:

Cooling equipment shall conform to the requirement stipulated below:

(a.) Each radiator bank shall have its own cooling fans, shut off valves at the top and bottom (80mm
size) lifting lugs, top and bottom oil filling valves, air release plug at the top, a drain and sampling
valve and thermometer pocket fitted with captive screw cap on the inlet and outlet.

(b.) Cooling fans shall not be directly mounted on radiator bank which may cause undue vibration.
These shall be located so as to prevent ingress of rain water. Each fan shall be suitably protected by
galvanized wire guard.

Fig. 12-Radiator with fan

8.4) Transformer Accessories:

8.4.1) Buchholz Relay:

24
 This has two Floats, one of them with surge catching baffle and gas collecting space at top.
This is mounted in the connecting pipe line between conservator and main tank. This is the
most dependable protection for a given transformer.
Gas evolution at a slow rate that is associated with minor faults inside the transformers gives
rise to the operation or top float whose contacts are wired for alarm. There is a glass window
with marking to read the volume of gas collected in the relay. Any major fault in transformer
creates a surge and the surge element in the relay trips the transformer. Size of the relay varies
with oil volume in the transformer and the mounting angle also is specified for proper
operation of the relay.

Fig. 13-Buchholz Relay

8.4.2) Temperature Indicators:

Most of the transformer (small transformers have only OTI) are provided with indicators that
displace oil temperature and winding temperature. There are thermometers pockets provided in
the tank top cover which hold the sensing bulls in them. Oil temperature measured is that of the
top oil, where as the winding temperature measurement is indirect.

This is done by adding the temperature rise due to the heat produced in a heater coil (known as
image coil) when a current proportional to that flowing in windings is passed in it to that or top
oil. For proper functioning or OTI & WTI it is essential to keep the thermometers pocket clean
and filled with oil.

25
 Fig. 14-Winding and oil temperature indicator

8.4.3) Silica Gel Breather:

Both transformer oil and cellulosic paper are highly hygroscopic. Paper being more
hygroscopic than the mineral oil The moisture, if not excluded from the oil surface in
conservator, thus will find its way finally into the paper insulation and causes reduction
insulation strength of transformer. To minimize this conservator is allowed to breathe only
through the silica gel column, which absorbs the moisture in air before it enters the
conservator air surface.

Fig. 15-Silica gel Breather

8.4.4) Conservator:

With the variation of temperature there is corresponding variation in the oil volume. To
account for this, an expansion vessel called conservator is added to the transformer with a
connecting pipe to the main tank. In smaller transformers this vessel is open to atmosphere
through dehydrating breathers (to keep the air dry). In larger transformers, an air bag is
26
 mounted inside the conservator with the inside of bag open to atmosphere through the
breathers and the outside surface of the bag in contact with the oil surface.

Fig. 16-Conservator with Buchholz relay and tank [ref.-6]

Total No. of transformers = 6 No. of transformers

220/132 KV------------------------------------ 100MVA 2

132/33 KV--------------------------------------20/25MVA 2

132/33KV---------------------------------------40/50MVA 1

132/11 KV---------------------------------------10/12.5 MVA 1

CHAPTER 9

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

27
As you all know this is the device which provides the pre-decoded fraction of the primary current
passing through the line/bus main circuit. Such as primary current 60A, 75A, 150A, 240A, 300A,
400A, to the secondary output of 1A to 5A.
Now a day mostly separate current transformer units are used instead of bushing mounting CT’s on
leveled structure they should be for oil level indication and base should be earthed properly. Care
should be taken so that there should be no strain as the terminals.
When connecting the jumpers, mostly secondary connections is taken to three unction boxes where
star delta formation is connected for three phase and final leads taken to protection /metering scheme.
There should be no chance of secondary circuit remaining opens as it leads to extremely high voltage
which ultimately damages the CT itself

Fig. 17-Current Transformers

It can be used to supply information for measuring power flows and the electrical inputs for the
operation of protective relays associated with the transmission and distribution circuit or for power
transformer. These current transformers have the primary winding connected in series with the
conductor carrying the current to be measured or controlled. The secondary winding is thus insulated
from the high voltage and can then be connected to low voltage metering circuits.

Current transformers are also used for street lighting circuits. Street lighting requires a constant
current to prevent flickering lights and a current transformer is used to provide that constant current.

28
In this case the current transformer utilizes a moving secondary coil to vary the output so that a
constant current is obtained.

CHAPTER 10

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

29
A potential transformer (PT) is used to transform the high voltage of a power line to a lower value,
which is in the range of an ac voltmeter or the potential coil of an ac voltmeter.

Fig.18-Potential Transformer

The voltage transformers are classified as under:

 Capacitive voltage transformer or capacitive type
 Electromagnetic type.
Capacitive voltage transformer is being used more and more for voltage measurement in high voltage
transmission network, particularly for systems voltage of 132KV and above where it becomes
increasingly more economical. It enables measurement of the line to earth voltage to be made with
simultaneous provision for carrier frequency coupling, which has reached wide application in modern
high voltage network for tele-metering remote control and telephone communication purpose.
The capacitance type voltage transformers are of twp type:

 Coupling Capacitor type

 Pushing Type
The performance of CVT is affected by the supply frequency switching transient and magnitude of
connected Burdon. The CVT is more economical than an electromagnetic voltage transformer when
the nominal supply voltage increases above 66KV.

30
The carrier current equipment can be connected via the capacitor of the CVT. There by there is no
need of separate coupling capacitor. The capacitor connected in series act like potential dividers,
provided, the current taken by burden is negligible compared with current passing through the series
connected capacitor.

CVT as coupling capacitor for carrier current application:

The carrier current equipments is connected to the power line via coupling capacitor. The coupling
CVT combines the function of coupling and voltage transformer.

CHAPTER 11

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

31
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step-down extra
high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for measurement or to operate a protective
relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the
voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device to the supply frequency and a
transformer used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective
relay. The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the high
voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for connection to the
instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring
voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be
uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected
in series. This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors that replaced the first
capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C 2, and hence the
secondary terminals.

The porcelain in multi unit stack, all the potentials points are electrically tied and suitably shielded to
overcome the effect of corona RIV etc. Capacitive voltage transformers are available for system
voltage.

CHAPTER 12

CONTROL ROOM

32
Control panel contain meters, control switches and recorders located in the control building, also
called the dog house. These are used to control the substation equipment to send power from one
circuit to another or to open or to shut down circuits when needed.

Fig.19-Control Room in GSS Heerapura

12.1) MEASURING INSTRUMENT USED:

12.1.1) ENERGY METER: To measure the energy transmitted energy meters are fitted to the
panel to different feeders the energy transmitted is recorded after one hour regularly for it
MWHr, meter is provided.

33
12.1.2) WATTMETERS: It is attached to each feeder to record the power exported from GSS.

12.1.3) FREQUENCY METER: To measure the frequency at each feeder there is the provision of
analog or digital frequency meter.

12.1.4) VOLTMETER: It is provided to measure the phase to phase voltage .It is also available in
both the analog and digital frequency meter.

12.1.5) AMETER: It is provided to measure the line current. It is also available in both the forms
analog as well as digital.

12.1.6) MAXIMUM DEMAND INDICATOR: There are also mounted the control panel to record
the average power over successive predetermined period.

12.1.7) MVAR METER: It is to measure the reactive power of the circuit.

CHAPTER 13

CAPACITOR BANK

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The capacitor bank provides reactive power at grid substation. The voltage regulation problem
frequently reduces so of circulation of reactive power.
Unlike the active power, reactive power can be produced, transmitted and absorbed of course with in
the certain limit, which have always to be workout. At any point in the system shunt capacitor are
commonly used in all voltage and in all size.

Fig. 20-Capacitor Bank

Benefits of using the capacitor bank are many and the reason is that capacitor reduces the reactive
current flowing in the whole system from generator to the point of installation.
1 .Increased voltage level at the load
2. Reduced system losses
3. Increase power factor of loading current

CHAPTER 14

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

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As electronics plays a vital role in the industrial growth, communication is also a backbone of any
power stations. Communication between various generating and receiving station is very essential for
proper operation of power of power system. This is more in case of large interconnected system
where a control leads dispatch station has to co-ordinate the working of various unit to see that the
system is maintained in the optimum working condition, power line communication is most
economic and reliable method of communication for medium and long distance in power network.

14.1) Wave Trap:

Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency
communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the
telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and
LMU).

Fig. 21-Wave Trap

This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for communication among
various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily
teleprotection signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals.

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The Line trap OFFERS HIGH IMPEDANCE TO THE HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATION SIGNALS thus
obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation bus bars. If there were not to be there, then
signal loss is more and communication will be ineffective/probably impossible.

CHAPTER 15

EARTHING OF THE SYSTEM

The provision of an earthing system for an electric system is necessary by the following reason.

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  In the event of over voltage on the system due to lightening discharge or other system fault.
These parts of equipment, which are normally dead, as for as voltage, are concerned do not
attain dangerously high potential.
 In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the potential
of circuit with respect to earth.

The resistance of earthing system is depending on:

 Shape and material of earth electrode used.
 Depth in the soil.
Specific resistance of soil surrounding in the neighbourhood of system electrodes.
15.1) PROCEDURE OF EARTHING:

Technical consideration the current carrying path should have enough capacity to deal with more
faults current. The resistance of earth and current path should be low enough to prevent voltage rise
between earth and neutral. The earth electrode must be driven in to the ground to a sufficient depth to
as to obtain lower value of earth resistance. To sufficient lowered earth resistance a number of
electrodes are inserted in the earth to a depth, they are connected together to form a mesh. The
resistance of earth should be for the mesh in generally inserted in the earth at 0.5m depth the several
point of mesh then connected to earth electrode or ground conduction. The earth electrode is metal
plate copper is used for earth plate.

15.2) NEUTRAL EARTHING:

Neutral earthing of power transformer all power system operates with grounded neutral. Grounding
of neutral offers several advantages the neutral point of generator transformer is connected to earth
directly or through a reactance in some cases the neutral point is earthed through an adjustable reactor
of reactance matched with the line.

 The earth fault protection is based on the method of neutral earthing.

 The neutral earthing is associated switchgear.
The neutral earthing is provided for the purpose of protection arcing grounds unbalanced
voltages with respect to protection from lightening and for improvement of the system.

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 CHAPTER 16

BATTERY ROOM

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In a GSS, separate dc supply is maintained for signalling remote position control, alarm circuit etc.
Direct current can be obtained from 220volt 3 phase ac supply via rectifier and in event of ac failure,
from the fixed batteries, which are kept, charged in normal condition by rectifier supply.

Fig. 22-Battery Room

Battery System:
The batteries used are lead acid type having a solution of sulphuric acid and distilled water as
electrolytes. In charged state, it has a specific gravity of 1.2 at temperature of 30C.In the battery room
batteries are mounted on wooden stand. The cells are installed stand by porcelain.
Following precautions are taken in a battery room:
 The conductor connecting the cells are greased and coated with electrolyte resisting varnish.
 Proper care is taken so that acid vapours do not accumulate in the room to avoid risk of
explosion, smoking, winding etc.
 The windows of battery are of forested glass to avoid the batteries from direct action of sun
light.

CHAPTER 17

RATINGS

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17.1) TRANSFORMER:
Total No. of transformers = 6 No. of transformers
220/132 KV------------------------------------ 100MVA 2
132/33 KV--------------------------------------20/25MVA 2
132/33KV---------------------------------------40/50MVA 1
132/11 KV---------------------------------------10/12.5 MVA 1

MAKE Company
220/133 KV, 100MVA X-Mer 1----------------------------------- TELK
220/133KV, 100 MVA X-Mer 2---------------------------------- ALSTOM
132/33 KV, 20/25 MVA X-Mer 1---------------------------------- TELK
132/33 KV, 20/25 MVA X-Mer 2-----------------------------------BBL
132/33 KV, 40/50 MVA X-Mer 3-----------------------------------T&R
132/33 KV, 10/12.5 MVA X-Mer 1---------------------------------EMCO

17.2) CIRCUIT BREAKER:

No. of 220KV breaker - 6
No. of 132KV breaker - 13
No. of 33KV breaker - 12
No. of Capacitor Bank (33kv)- 4
No. of 11KV breaker - 7

SF6 CB
BREAKER SERIAL NO. 030228
RATED VOLTAGE 145KV
NORMAL CURRENT 1250A
FREQUENCY 5OHz
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 LIGHTNING IMPULSE WITHSTAND 650KV (Peak)
FIRST POLE TO CLEAR TO CLEAR FACTOR 1-2
SHORT TIME WITHSTAND CURRENT 31.5KA
DURATION OF SHORT CIRCUIT 3 Sec.
(SHORT CIRCUIT SYM. 31.5KA
BREAKING CURRENT) ASYM. 37.5KA
SHORT TIME MAKING CURRENT 8.0KA
OUT OF PHASE BREAKING CURRENT 7.9KA
OPERATING SEQUENCE 0-0.3-CO-3min-CO
SF6 GAS PRESSURE AT 20C 6.3 Bar
TOTAL MASS OF CB 1300Kg
MASS OF SF6 GAS 8.7Kg

17.3) BATTERY CHARGER:

Battery Charger – 220AH VDC HBL NIFE LTD.
440AH VDC HBL NIFE LTD.
Capacitor BankNo.-1 BHEL 38KV 6.6MVAR
Capacitor BankNo.-2 BHEL 38KV 7.2MVAR
Capacitor BankNo.-1 ABB 38KV 7.2MVAR
Capacitor BankNo.-1 WS 38KV 7.2MVAR

17.4) CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

FREQUENCY 50Hz
HIGHEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE 245KV
SHORT TIME CURRENT 40KA/15
RATED CURRENT 600A
CURRENT RATIO 600-300-150/1
MIN. KNEE POTENTIAL VOLTAGE 850V at 150/1
MAX. EXCITING CURRENT 100MA at 150/1
MAX. SEC. WINDING RESISTANCE 2.5OHM at 150/1
17.5) CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER:
SERIAL NO. 0173537
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 INSULATION LEVEL 460KV
RATED VOLTAGE FACTOR 1.2/cont
TIME 1.5/30sec.
HIGHEST SYSTEM VOLTAGE 245KV
PRIMARY VOLTAGE 22OKV/1.732
TYPE OUTDOOR Wgt. 850Kg
PHASE SINGLE TBONP.CAT 50C
SECONDARY VOLTAGE 110/1.732 110/1.732
RATED BURDON 220Va 110Va
FREQUENCY 49.5-50.5Hz

CONCLUSION

Training at 220KV GSS IG Nagar, Jagatpura, Jaipur gives the insight of the real instruments used.
There are many instruments like transformer, CT, PT, CVT, LA, relay, PLCC, bus bars, capacitor
bank, insulator, isolators, control room, Battery room etc.
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What is the various problem seen in substation while handling this instruments.

There are various occasion when relay operate and circuit breaker open, load shedding, shut down,
which has been heard previously.

To get insight of the substation, how things operate, how things manage all is learned there. Practical
training as a whole proved to be extremely informative and experience building and the things learnt
at it would definitely help a lot in snapping the future ahead a better way.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

1. B.R.GUPTA (2005), “POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN”

P122, P123, S.Chand & Company Ltd.

2. ASHFAQ HUSSAIN (2005), “ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM” P79, P501, P516,

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 CBS publisher and distributors.

3. V.K.MEHTA (2002), “POWER SYSTEM” P447, P483, P507, P527, P555,

S.chand & company Ltd.

4. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/63/cvt.png

5. http://images.google.co.in/(Equipment’s name)

6. www.browzen.com/relay

7. Manual of G.S.S.

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