INTERNSHIP REPORT

Chapter: 01
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction:
The present-day electrical power system is ac i.e. electric power is generated, transmitted, and
distributed in the form of Alternating current. The electric power is produced at the power station,
which is located at favorable places, generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the
consumer through a large network of transmission and distribution. At any places in the line of the
power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g. Voltage, ac to dc,
frequency p.f. etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station for
example, generation voltage (11KV or 6.6KV) at the power station is stepped up to high voltage (Say
220KV to 132KV) for transmission of Electric Power. Similarly, near the consumer’s localities, the
voltage may have to be stepped down to the utilization level. Suitable apparatus called sub-station
again accomplishes this job[ CITATION Uni18 \l 1033 ].

1.2 History:
Faisalabad Electric Supply Company Limited (FESCO) is one of the electricity distribution companies
(DISCOs) established as a result of unbundling of the vertically integrated power wing of Water and
Power Development Authority (WAPDA).Faisalabad Electric Supply Company was founded in
1998.FESCO is operating under a distribution license granted by National Electric Power Regulatory
Authority (NEPRA).VALID UNTIL: MARCH 2022 FESCO’s service area spans 44,247 sq km and
includes Faisalabad, Sargodha, Mianwali, Khushab, Jhang, Bhakker, and Chiniot districts.

At the time of its establishment, FESCO’s generation distribution network comprised eight 132 KV and
thirty-seven 66 KV sub-stations. Over the period, FESCO has undergone a major expansion and as at
31 December 2018, FESCO distribution network comprised sixty 132 KV and twenty-four 66 KV grid
stations.
1.3 Objectives of internship

 Understand Grid Station Installation with Single Line Diagram.

 Understand Protection Schemes used at Grid Station.
 Understand Working and Maintenance of Equipments.
 Understand Uses Of Relays at Grid Station.

 Control and Monitoring of Equipment Used at Grid Station.

1.4 Area and Location

City Grid Station is anOutdoor Grid Station. Total area 25 Acre.It’s situated at Jhung Mor Sargodha
Punjab, Pakistan.

 Incoming line voltage: 132kv

 Outgoing feeder’s voltage: 11kv

1.5 City substation has Following 11 KV outgoing feeders

The following names of 11kv outgoing feeders.

1. College Road
2. Rail Bazar
3. Ali Abad
4. Shugar Mill Jhang
5. Rewaz
6. Bagh
7. Millat College
8. Mahni Shareef
9. Block Shah
10. Mighayana
11. Civil Line
12. Jhang City
13. Ayoub Chowk
14. Galaxy Power House
15. Marzi Pura
16. DHQ
17. Kuriana
18. Satlite Town
19. Ghazi Shah
20. Gojra Road
21. Ujala Mill
Chapter: 02
INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCES

2.1 Definition of Sub-Station:

“A set of equipment reducing the high voltage of electrical power transmission to that suitable for
supply to consumers is called sub-station”. [2]
2.1.1 Single Line Diagram:

Single-line diagram is a simplified notation for representing a three-phase power system. The one-Line

diagram has its largest application in power flow studies. Electrical elements such as circuit breakers,
transformers, capacitors, bus bars, and conductors are shown by standardized schematic symbols.

Figure 1 Singel Line Diagram

2.1.2 About the substation:

The City substation is one of the important power grid in Jhang. The most important of any substation
is the grounding (Earthling System) of the instruments, transformers, etc. used in the substation for the
safety of the operating personnel as well as for proper system operation and performance of the
protective devices. An earthen system comprising of an earthling mat buried at a suitable depth below
ground and supplemented with ground rods at suitable points is provided in the substations. These
ground the extra high voltage to the ground. As it is dangerous for us to go near the instrument without
proper earth. If the instruments are not groundproperly, they may give a huge shock to anyone who
would stay near it and also it is dangerous for the costly Instrument as they may be damaged by this
high voltage.

2.1.3Site Selection & Layout 132 KV Substation:

132KV Sub-Station forms an important link between the Transmission network and Distribution
network. It has a vital Influence on reliability of service.Apart from ensuring efficientTransmission and
Distribution of power, the sub-station configuration should be such that it enables easy maintenance of
equipment and minimum interruptions in Power Supply.

Sub-Station is constructed as near as possible to the load center. The voltage level of power
transmission is decided on the quantum of power to be transmitted to the load center. Transmission is
decided on the quantum of power to be transmitted to the load center.

2.1.4 Selection of site:

Main points to be considered while selecting the site for Grid Substation area’s follows:

 The site chosen should be as near to the load center as possible.

 It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of equipments.
 Land should be fairly leveled to minimize development cost.
 Source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is because water is required for
various construction activities (especially civil works), earthing and for drinking purposes, etc.
 The sub-station site should be as near to the town/city but should be clear of public places,
aerodromes, and Military/police installations.
  The land should have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation equipment’s, buildings,
staff quarters, space for storage Of material, such as store yards and store sheds, etc. with roads
and space for future expansion.
 Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways, State Highways should be
observed as per the regulations in force.
 While selecting the land for the Substation preference to be given to Govt. land over private
land.
 The land should not have water logging problem.
 Far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safe approach /termination of high voltage
overhead transmission lines.

2.2Classification of sub-station:

There are several ways of classifying sub-station. However the two

A most important way of classifying they are.

1) Transformer sub-station

 That sub-station which change the voltage level of electrical supply areCalled TIF s/s.

2) Switching sub-station:

 This sub-station simply perform the switching operation of the power line.

3) Power factor correction S/S:

 This sub-station which improve the p.f. of the system are called p.f.
 Correction s/s. these are generally located at receiving end s/s.

4) Frequency changer S/S:

 Those sub-stations, which change the supply frequency, are known as hanger s/s. Such
s/s may be required for industrial utilization

5) Converting sub-station:
  That sub-station which change a.c power into d.c power are called converting s/s
ignition is used to convert AC to dc power for traction, Electroplating, electrical
welding,etc.

2.3 Equipment’s in a 132KVSub-Station:

The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the type of Sub-Station, Servicer
equipment and the degree of protection desired. 132KV EHV Sub-Station has the following major
equipment’s:-

1. Bus-bar

2. Insulators

3. Lightning Arrestors

4. Relays

5. Insulating switches

6. Circuit breaker

i. Vacuum Circuit Breakers

ii. Sf6 Gas Circuit Breakers

2.3.1 Bus-bar:

When a number of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected electrically, bus-
bar is used, it is made up of copper or aluminum bars (generally of rectangular X-Section) and operate
at a constant voltage.The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the
instruments for further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in
LA single line. There may be a double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one, the other can
still have the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little
distance by a Conductor having a connector between them. This is so that one can work at a time and
the other works only if the first is having any fault.
 Figure 2 Bus Bar

2.3.2 Insulators:

The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductor (or bus bar) and confine the current to
the conductor. The most commonly used material for the manufactures of insulators is porcelain. There
is several types of insulator (i.e. pine type, suspension type, etc.) and their use in Sub-Station will
depend upon the service requirement. Post insulators are used for the bus bars.

A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap, &flanged cast iron base. The whole cap is
threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted to the cap. When the line is subjected to greater
tension,strain insulators are used. When tension in line is exceedingly high, two or more strings are
used in parallel.
 Figure 3Isolater

2.3.3 Lightning Arrestors:

Lightning is one of the most serious causes of overvoltages. Lightning arrestors/ surge arrestors are
connected to protect the equipment’s from lightning and switching surges. The typical lightning
arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge,
which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted
through the arrestor, in most cases to earth.

Lightning Arrester is Essential:

 Protections of power station or substation from direct stroke.
 Protection of electrical apparatus against traveling waves.
 Figure 4Lighting Arrester

2.3.4 Isolating Switches:

In Sub-Station, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system for general maintenance and
repairs. This is accomplished by an isolating switch or isolator. An isolator is essentially a knife Switch
and is designed to often open a circuit under no load, in other words, isolator Switches are operated
only when the line in which they are connected carry no load. For example, consider that the isolator is
connected on both sides of a cut breaker, if the isolators are to be opened, the C.B. Must be opened
first. If an isolator is opened carelessly, when carrying high current the resulting arc easily causes
flashover to earth. This may batter the supporting insulators & may even cause a fatal accident to the
operator, particularly in the high voltage circuit.
 Figure 5Isolating Switches

The operating principle is manual plus one of the following.

 Electrical Motor Mechanism

 Pneumatic Mechanism

Isolators cannot be opened unless the Circuit Breakers are opened. Circuit Breakers cannot be closed
until isolators are closed.

2.3.5 Circuit breaker:

A circuit breaker is an equipment, which can open or close a circuit under normal as well as a fault
condition. This circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage another instrument in the station. It
is so designed that it can be operated manually (or by remote control) under normal conditions and
automatically under fault condition. A circuit breaker consists of fixed & moving contacts, which are
touching each other under normal condition i.e. when the breaker is closed. Whenever a fault occurs
trip coil gets energized, the moving contacts are pulled by some mechanism & therefore the circuit is
opened or circuit breaks.

When circuit breaks an arc is stack between contacts, the production of arc not only interrupts the
current but generates an enormous amount of heat which may cause damage to the system or the
breaker itself. Therefore the main problem in a circuit breaker is to extinguish the arc within the
shortest possible time so that the heat generated by it may not reach a dangerous value. The medium
used for arc extinction is usually Oil, Air, Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) or vacuum. Circuit breakers can
be classified on the basis ofthe medium used for Arc Extinction. These are the oldest type of circuit
breakers & have the virtues of reliability, simplicity of construction & relative cheapness.

2.4 Vacuum Circuit Breakers:

The idea behind the vacuum circuit breakers is to eliminate the medium between the contacts-vacuum.
The dielectric strength of the vacuum is 1000 times more than that of any medium. In construction, it is
a very simple circuit breaker in comparison to an airor oilcircuit breakers. These breakers are used for
reactor switching,transformer switching, capacitor bank switching where the voltages are high & the
current to be interrupted is low.

Figure 6Vacuum Circuit Breakers

2.5SF6 (Sulphur Hex-fluoride) Circuit Breakers:

SF6 gas has unique properties, such as very high dielectric strength, nonreactive to the other
components of circuit breakers, high time constant & fast recombination property after removal of the
source energizing the spark, which proves it superior to the other mediums (such as oil or air) for use in
circuit breakers.

SF6 circuit breakers have the advantages of very much reduced electrical clearances, performance
independent of ambient conditions, noiseless operation, reduce moisture problem, minimum current
chopping, small arcing time, no reduction in the dielectric strength of SF6, low maintenance, reduced
installation time & increased safety. Such as circuit breakers are used for rated voltages in the ranges of
3.6 kV to 760 kV. [3]

Figure 7Circuit Breakers Sf6

For the later operation a relay wt. is used with a C.B. generally bulk oil C.B. are used for voltage up to
66 kV while for high voltage low oil & SF6 C.B. are used. For still higher voltage, air blast vacuum or
SF6 cut breaker are used. The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having
high input kV input, say above 132kv and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by force i.e.
under high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor connected to the circuit breaker.
The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the
breaker so that it can be manually seen if the gas goes low.

The circuit breaker uses theSF6 gas to reduce the torque produced in it due to any fault in the line. The
circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments in the station when any fault occurs alarm bell
rings.

2.5.1 Construction of SF6 Circuit Breakers:

SF6 circuit breakers mainly consist of two parts, namely

 The interrupter unit.

 The gas system.

Interrupter Unit

This unit consists of moving and fixed contacts comprising a set of current-carrying parts and an arcing
probe. It is connected to the SF6 gas reservoir. This unit consists of slide vents in the moving contacts
which permit the high-pressure gas into the main tank.
 Figure 8 Isolater

2.5.1.1 Gas System

The closed circuit gas system is employed in SF6 circuit breakers. The SF6 gas is costly, so it is
reclaimed after each operation. This unit consists of low and high-pressure chambers with a low-
pressure alarm along with warning switches. When the pressure of the gas is very low due to which the
dielectric strength of gases decreases and an arc quenching ability of the breakers is endangered, then
this system gives the warning alarm.

2.5.2 Advantage of SF6 circuit breaker

 SF6 gas has excellent insulating, arc extinguishing and many other properties which are the
greatest advantages of SF6 circuit breakers.
 The gas is non-inflammable and chemically stable. Their decomposition products are non-
explosive and hence there is no risk of fire or explosion.
 Electric clearance is very much reduced because of the high dielectric strength of SF6.
 Its performance is not affected due to variations in atmospheric condition.
 It gives noiseless operation, and there is no overvoltage problem because the arc is extinguished
at natural current zero.
 There is no reduction in dielectric strength because no carbon particles are formed during
arcing.
  It requires less maintenance and no costly compressed air system is required.
 SF6 performs various duties like clearing short-line faults, switching, opening unloaded
transmission lines, and transformer reactor, etc. without any problem.

2.6Power Transformer:

These are the step-down transformers with Delta circuit configuration on the input side (HT) and Star
circuit configuration on the output side (LT). This transformer steps down 132Kv to 11Kv. An input of
132kv is given to the transformer primary coil through three input wires i.e. Red(R), Yellow(Y) and
Blue (B) and then 11kv is taken from the secondary coil. The transformers use the magnetic induction
process to step down the 132Kv to 11Kv due to specific turn ratio in coils.

The main parts of a power transformer are its windings and bushes. Some other parts, also known
as accessories are:

 Conservator oil:  Also called mineral oil. It helps in the insulation of windings as well as in
cooling.
 Conservator tank:   it is fixed at an upper position and is filled about 70% to 80% of
mineral oil.
 Radiator tubes:  The circulation of transformer mineral oil takes place through these tubes,
as heated oil goes up and cooled oil goes down, hence continue the oil circulation for better
cooling.
 CoolingFans:  These fans also help in transformer cooling. They are fitted below or at the
side of radiator tubes and provide cool air.
 Buchholz relay: This relay is fitted near conservator tank and is also called float relay and
gas detecting relay. This relay detects the gases that are produced in the transformer under
abnormal conditions and operates to trip the transformer, hence avoid further damages.
 Diaphragm:   Diaphragm is a cap-shaped object and fixed on the top of the power
transformer, it acts as an emergency exit for transformer inner oil and gases.
 Wheels: Transformer has small wheels upon which it can be rolled from one place to another.
As they hold the transformer at a height from the ground or foundation so air flow is possible
beneath the transformer.
  Oil temperature indicator:    This indicator detects the temperature of transformer oil. If
the transformer oil gets heated to such a temperature that can harm the transformer, the oil
temperature indicator operates. It has two settings, 1st is alarm and the other is tripping.
 Winding temperature indicator: This indicator supervise winding temperature. Like oil
temperature indicator it also has two settings, one is alarm and the other is tripping the
transformer.
 Tap changer:  This is an instrument connected with the power transformer that is used to
vary the transformer output. It actually changes the number of turns in the secondary coil of the
transformer.
 Dehydrating Breather: It is a tube on the side of the transformer connected to the
conservator tank. It extracts un-moisture air from the outside to fill the vacuum in the tank. To
extract water particles from the air, silica gel is used which is filled in the breather tube. Note
that vacuum is created when some gases are expelled through the same tube.

There are four Transformers at the Ludewala grid station. Two Transformers are used for 132/66 KV
and two Transformers used for 132/11 KV.
 Figure 9Power Transformer 40 MVA

2.6.1 Power T/f Rating of 31.5/40 MVA:

 It is an autotransformer, having a rating of 40 MVA capacity.
 It is a step down three-phase transformer.
 It has 132/66/11 KV Voltages, 132 KV are the primary or input voltages,66 KVis the secondary
or output Voltages.11kv is the tertiary winding voltages.
 Tertiary winding short and it is not supplied to local feeders because there are too many faults
comes on 11kv lines that can damage the transformer.
 It has two cooling systems ONAN & ONAF for cooling of it.

 Energization Date of this Transformer 01/08/2006.

 I see the inputs and outputs, these are properly connected with input supply and output supply.
 I observe the whole transformer externally, the bushing connections were properly connected,
and the basement was made with cement. It is an H-type basement.
2.6.2 Power T/f Rating of 31.5/40 MVA:
 It is a power transformer, having the rating of 31.5/40 MVA Capacity.

 It is a step down three-phase transformer.

 It has 132KV /11.5 KV Voltages, 132kv are the primary or input voltages and 11kv are the
secondary or output Voltages

 This transformer hasa capacity of 2008A, 31.5/40MVA.

 It has two cooling systems ONAN & ONAF for cooling of it.

 This Transformer is made by PEL and the second one is made by JSHP CHINA.

 This Transformer is commission on 28/03/2011.

 I see the inputs and outputs, these are properly connected with input supply and output supply.

2.6.3 Transformer Cooling:

When the transformers operate continuously, as a result, the core, coils, main tank, and the transformer
oil heat up to a high temperature which can affect the operation, maintenance, and output voltage of the
transformer. In grid stations, transformers are kept cool through three different processes. That are:
 Figure 10 Transformer cooling fan

ONAN:

ONAN (OIL NATURAL AIR NATURAL) is a cooling method of Transformer in which each
transformer haves radiator tubes.When oil of the transformer is warmed it vaporized and moves up to
the top of the transformer in the conservator and enters in the tubes of radiators. It circulates in tubes
and natural air around the tubes also cools it.After the temperature of oils decreased it’sagain toenter to
the main tank of the transformer.Similarly, the circulation continuance and transformer cool naturally.

ONAF:

ONAF(OIL NATURAL AIR FORCED) is a cooling method of the transformer in which transformer
has cooling fans along with the tubes of the radiator.In this cooling system fans cools the oil inside the
radiator tubes that is why this cooling system is called OIL NATURAL AIR FORCED.

2.7 Current Transformer:

Current transformer (CT) is used for the measurement of alternating electric current. When the current
in a circuit is too high to apply directly to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a
reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently
connected to measuring and recording instruments. Current transformers are commonly used in
metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry.

Figure 11Current Transformer

CT Ration isUsed at Grid

 HV/132KV/3 Windings 200/100/5

 LV/66KV/3 Windings 1200/2400/5

Note: The ratio of CTs have changed accordingly requirement and power capacity.

2.8 Potential Transformer (PT):

Potential transformers (PT) (also called voltage transformers (VT) are a parallel connected type of
instrument transformer. They are designed to present a negligible load to the supply being measured
and have an accurate voltage ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary connected
metering. It gives the reference voltage to the Relay for Over-voltage or Under-voltage Protection.

PT Ratio: 132kv/110v

Figure 12Potential Transformer

2.9 Earthing System:

Earthing is used to protect the electrical devices from unwanted voltages or surges. It also uses for
personal safety, equipment safety, and power system safety.

2.9.1 Characteristics of Earthing in Grid Station:

 To earth the neutral points of transformer and capacitor banks.

 To provide a ground path to high voltage of lightning through surge arresters, sky wire, and rod
gap.
 To discharge the high voltages of a 500KV line through the shunt reactor.
 To provide a low resistive way to grounding the trapped charge (induction).
  Provide the ground path to fault current.

2.9.2 Causes of Earth Failure:

 Dust
 Poor quality material used for earthing
 Loose connection
 Constructions fault
 Conductor breakage
 The chemical reaction of metals
 Increasing the earth mesh resistance

2.10Gravelling:

Graveling is much important to keep moisture. A layer of stones is placed on the surface. These stones
prevent dryness to enter an underground moisture area. As moisture is much important for earthing and
all the equipment installed in the grid is earthed.

Figure 13Gravelling

2.11Batteries:

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cellswith external connections
provided to power electrical devices. It is the backbone of the substation. Lead Acid batteries are used
in substation nowadays. There are two batteries bank at the grid one for 220kv and that is of 220v and
2nd is of 110v and that is for 132kv

No of cells for the 220v bank are 110 means the total voltage provided by this is

110*2=220V DC

No of cells for the 110v bank are 55 means the total voltage provided by this is

55*2=110V DC

Which is given to the incoming panels, magnetic contactors, relays, and the hooters. A rectifier panel is
used to charge these batteries.

Figure 14 Battery Room

2.12 Specification of Circuit Breakers:

A.Specification of 132kV SF6 Circuit Breaker:-

 Type 3AP1FG
 Operating Mechanism= Spring Charged

 (3 Pole) STD.

 Rated Voltage=145 kV

 Rated Frequency=50 Hz

 Rated Normal Current=2000 Amps

 Rated Making Current=100Kamp’s

 Rated Short Circuit Breaking Current=40Kamp’s

 Rated Duration Of Short-Circuit = 1 Secs

 Rated Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage=650 kV

 First Pole to Clear Factor=1.5 p.u

 Rated Gas Pressure=6.0 bar at 20 c temp

 Gas Weight=7.5 kg

 Total Break Time = 50 ms

 Reclosing Time = 352 ms

 Rated Supply Voltage Trip circuit = 110 VDC

 No Of Tripping coils = 2

 Mass M = 1500 kg

 Rated Supply Voltage Auxiliary = 110 VDC

B. Specification of 132 kV Vacuum Circuit Breaker:

 Type=ELFSF2-1 (r)

 Rated Voltage=145 kV

 Rated Frequency=50 Hz
  Rated Normal current=3150 Amps at 40 c

 Rated Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage=650 KV

 Rated Short Circuit Breaking Current=31.5 k Amps

 Rated Short Time Withstand Current & Duration=31.3 k Amps for 3 secs

 Line Charging Breaking Current=50 k Amps

 First Pole to Clear Factor=1.5

 Rated Gas Pressure SF6/20c (abs) =7.0 bar

 Closing & Opening Devices Supply Voltage=220 v (d.c)

 Auxiliary Supply Voltage=One Phase, 240v a.c &Three Phase, 415v a.c

 Air Pressure=22 bar

 Total Mass=1750 kg (approx.)

 Closing Time ≤ 130-mile sec

 Maker= M/S ABB

2.13 Protective relay:

A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the C.B. is to isolate the
defective element from the rest of the system”. The relay detects the abnormal condition in the
electrical circuit by constantly measuring the electrical quantities, which are different under normal and
fault condition.

The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, current, frequency, and
phase angle. Having detected the fault, the relay operates to close the trip circuit of C.B. There are two
principle reason for this; Firstly, if the fault is not cleared quickly, it may cause unnecessary
interruption of service to the customer. Secondly, rapid is the connection of faulty apparatus limits the
amount of damage to it &prevents the effects from speeding into the system.

A protective relay is a device that detects the fault & initiates the operation of a circuit breaker to
isolate the defective element from the rest of the system. Most of the relays operate on the principle of
electromagnetic attraction or electromagnetic induction. The following important types of relays are
generally used in electrical distribution &transmission line:

i. Induction Type Over Current Relay

ii. Induction Type Over Voltage Relay
iii. Distance Relay
iv. Differential Relay v. Earth Fault Relay

2.14CONTROL Room:

In this room contain the H.T breaker panels and main Ac supply panels and remote control T/F
panels and rectifier charger.
2.14.1 H.T BREAKERPANEL
H.t breaker has seven panels in this room which are control for the incoming supply and sub
lines which have control showing in table below and further controlling of isolator, C.B,C.T, PT, and
earth switch, in condition of operations opening and closing on through these panels so that these
panels on fix a some analog meter (MW, AMP, MVAR, DC E LAB SUPPLY indicators,) digital amp
meter and digital WH meter that showing the meter are load on the line and WH meter showing the
power and instead of some enunciator and LED fix on panel for the help of controlling.
 Figure 15 HT Braket Pannel

2.14.2 REMOTE CONTROL T/F PANEL

In this have containing the automatically control the Transformer through to this panel so that
in the help of panels we are control the voltage with the help of switch of tap changers and some
winding temperature and oil temperature indicate through the fan and more some fixannunciator.

Figure 16REMOTE CONTROL T/F PANEL

2.14.2RECTIFIERUNIT

Most important unit of rectifier because the battery is heart of substation due to the substation is run.
rectifier unit is charging of battery and showing indicate the supply which have use voltages in this
substation are use two set of battery each set is have 55 cell. One cell is called one battery. Whenever
the dc fail so the 132kv controlling panel on fix the e lab are indicate red light. Two unit of rectifier
which is always charge to batteries.

Figure 17RECTIFIERUNIT

2.14.2 11 Kv Control Room

In this room we are control the outgoing supply which are the output of transformers which is came.in
this room have total 27 feeder panel in which 3 feeder are incoming which are fed transformer through
a 11kv bus bar. And 9 feeders are outgoing for further area, 6 feeder panels for capacitor bank, and
other panel is reserved. All the connectivity is via cable.
 Figure 182.14.2 11 Kv Control Room

2.14.3 ACTIVITIES
PARTICIPATED
During the internship period I worked under the substation operator. Most of the activities
were on peak during my entrance in the site. I observed different activities which include the
following.
 Taking the reading 132kv and 11kv control panels perhour
 Find the P.F and units percentageloss
 Operation opening andclosing
 Gravity test ofbattery
 Operation internally control room due to trippingcondition
 PTW on breakdown condition Other participated
 Washing and cleaning of 11kv bus bar feederscontact
 Checking the oil oftransformer
 Check thebreather

 Retake fusing the capacitor bank
2.14.4 Taking the Reading 132kv And 11kv Control Panel Per Hour
Every each hour we are take the reading of 132 kV control panels and 11kv control panels on
the daily log sheet it is very compulsory for the finding the incoming and outgoing supply units and
other main objective is to maintain the voltage regulation.

Figure 19Taking the Reading 132kv And 11kv

Control Panel Per Hour
2.15 Capacitor Bank

A Capacitor Bank is a group of several capacitors of the same rating that are connected in
series or parallel with each other to store electrical energy. The resulting bank is then used to
counteract or correct a power factor lag or phase shift in an alternative current (AC) power supply.
They can also be used in a direct current (DC) power supply to increase the ripple current capacity of
the power supply or to increase the overall amount of storedenergy.

Figure 20Capacitor Bank

Chapter: 03
Maintenance & Testing

3.1 Major Maintenance / Testing:

During my Internship at LudeWala Grid Station, I have participated In All scheduled Daily,Monthly
maintenance and Testing.The Major Testing in which I have participated are the following

1. SF6 Circuit Breaker at 132 KV

2. Testing Of Transformer

3.2 Circuit Breaker SF6 Maintenance:

The Internship at the LudeWala Grid station, a major fault came on the SF 6Circuit Of 132KV supply&
I have participated in complete Repairing and Testing of This Circuit Breaker.

3.2.1 Causes of C.B Faults:

 Insulation failure.
 Mechanical defect.
 Leakage of Air,Oil,Gas.
 Inadequate rating
 Lack of maintenance.
 Thermal Breakdown of ingress moisture.

Fault

Circuit Breaker does not close

Cause

On the top side Circuit breakers, there are fix contact and the moving contacts are covered with the
cylinder, where the fix and moving contacts are makes and break. These contacts are damaged due to
which one pole does not close and for remedial we will replace contacts.
3.2.2 Maintenance Procedure of CB:
1. Disconnect from Circuit through isolator.

2. Discharge gas from the gas chamber to the gas tank.

3. Check all the contacts of CB.

4. Replace the contacts that are aged.

5. Closing the fixed Chamber.

6. Filled Gas after filtering to the CB chamber

7. Testing.

3.2.3 Testing after Maintenance:

1. Contact resistance testing with Meager

2. Operating Time Test

3.2.4 Contact resistance testing with Meager:

The resistance of the main circuit is measured from DC voltage drop across the circuit. In this test,
direct current is injected to the circuit and the corresponding voltage drop is measured and from this
resistance of the circuit is measured. In this test basically, we check the gripping of the contacts due to
loose gripping the contact resistance will be increased. The resistance should be less than 50 micro-
ohm.

3.3 Operating Time Test:

Timing test is done to check the opening and closing synchronization of three poles.

1. Open test

2. Close test

Open time test:

In open test check the timing test on the circuit breaker, connect the DC source and connect the R, Y, B
leads in the breaker panel box and giving an operating signal and checked the RYB breakers open time.
Acceptable opening time is less than 31ms on each breaker.

Close time test:

In close test check the breaker close timing, connect the DC source and two wire of in which RYB in
the breaker panel box and give the operating signal and check the breakers close timing.

3.3.1 The parameters should be measured and recorded during the operation test of the circuit
breaker are given below
1. The closing time of each pole.

2. Closing time difference between poles.

3. Opening time of each pole.

4. Opening time difference between poles or opening mismatch time.

5. Close-Open time of each pole.

6. Contact speed for closing in deg/ms

7. Contact speed for opening in deg/ms

8. Spring charging time.

3.3.2 Safety precautions while Circuit Breaker Testing:

 Firstly Takes the Shutdown.

 Before working on the circuit breaker the Isolator must be opened.
 Don’t forget to use PTG(PORTABLE TEMPORARY GROUND) before working on a circuit
breaker.

3.4 Standards Tests of Transformers:

 Insulation Resistance Test
 TTR Test
 C & DF Test
 Earth Resistance Test
 Oil Insulation Test (D.E.S)
  Temperature Calibration Test

3.4.1 Insulation Resistance Test:

The Megger test (also commonly known as insulation resistance) is a spot insulation test which uses an
applied DC voltage typically 5,000Vdc for high voltage equipment) to measure insulation resistance in
either KΩ, MΩ or GΩ. The measured resistance is intended to indicate the condition of the insulation
or dielectric between two conductive parts, where the higher the resistance, the better the condition of
the insulation

3.4.2 Procedure of Insulation Resistance Test of Transformer:

 First, disconnect all the line and neutral terminals of the transformer.

 Megger leads to be connected to LV and HV bushing studs to measure insulation resistance IR

value in between the LV and HV windings.

 Megger leads to be connected to HV bushing studs and transformer tank earth point to measure
insulation resistance IR value in between the HV windings and earth.

 Megger leads to be connected to LV bushing studs and transformer tank earth point to measure
insulation resistance IR value in between the LV windings and earth.

3.4.3 Turn Ratio Test:

The turn ratio test is an AC low voltage test which determines the ratio of the high voltage winding to
all other windings at no-load. The turn ratio test is performed on all taps of every winding. Voltage is
applied on the H marked leads and measured of the X marked lead by the test set.
Ratio measurements are conducted on all tap positions and calculated by dividing the induced voltage
reading into the applied voltage value. When ratio tests are being made on three-phase transformers,
the ratio is taken on one phase at a time with a three-phase TTR until the ratio measurements of all
three phase.

Procedure

Isolate The Equipment, apply working grounds to all incoming and outgoing cables and disconnect all
incoming and outgoing cables from the transformer bushing terminals connections.
  Disconnected cables should have sufficient clearance from the switchgear terminals greater than
the phase spacing distance. Use nylon rope to hold cable away from incoming and outgoing
terminals as required.
 Connect the H designated three-phase test lead with the military style connector at one end to
the mating connector on the test set marked with an H. Ensure that the connector’s index notch
lines up properly.
 Connect the X designated three-phase test of lead military style connector at one end to the
mating connector on the test set marked with an X.Ensure that the connector’s index notch lines
up properly.
 Connect the H1,H2,H3 designated test lead to the corresponding H1,H2,H3 transformer
terminal/bushing. Connect the H0 terminal/bushing is present.
 Connect the X1, X2,and X3 designated test lead to the corresponding X1, X2,X3 transformer
terminal/bushing. Connect the X0 test lead if X0 terminal/bushing is present.
 Perform turns ratio measurements for all tap positions.
 Confirm that the measured ratio is within 0.5% of the calculated ratios.

3.4.4 Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Test:

The capacitance and dissipation factor test is an AC low voltage maintenance test and is very similar to
the power factor test.While the transformer preparation is identical to the power factor test procedure,
there are no requirements to make connection changes once the initial test set connections are made.
High-voltage winding and low-voltage winding test set connection changes are made through a selector
switch provided on the test set. Winding capacitance and dissipation factor test values are obtained by
balancing a null meter for each variable at every the measured variable selector switch positions.

Procedure

For Auto Transformer

 Isolate the equipment, apply working grounds to all incoming and outgoing cables and
disconnect all incoming and outgoing cables from the transformer bushing terminals.
Disconnected cables should have sufficient clearance from the switchgear terminals greater than
 the phase spacing distance. Use nylon rope to hold cable away from incoming and outgoing
terminals as required.
 Isolate the neutral bushing connection if applicable from Short-circuit all high voltage bushing
terminals together.
 Short-circuit all low voltage bushing terminals and the neutral bushing terminal together.
 Connect the capacitance and dissipation factor test set.
 Record the capacitance and dissipation factor values once the null meter is balanced for both
phasing positions. Record values for the five test-variable.
3.4.5 Oil Insulation Test (D.E.S):
The insulation oil of voltage- and current-transformers fulfills the purpose of insulating as well as
cooling. Thus, the dielectric quality of transformer oil is a matter of the secure operation of a
transformer.

As transformer oil deteriorates through aging and moisture ingress, transformer oil should, depending
on economics, transformer duty and other factors, be tested periodically.Transformer oil testing
sequences and procedures are defined by various international standards.

3.5 Testing Of Current Transformer:

I have participated in following Tests of Current Transformer during my Internship.

3.5.1 Core Identification:

This test is performed to identify core when one CT is having several cores used for different purposes.
Normally there are two cores.
i. Protection core
ii. Metering core
Cores can be identified during primary injection test by shorting one of the cores at CT terminal itself
and check there is no current only at relevant load. The same can be verified for other cores.

3.5.2 CT Ratio Test:

This test set is used to measure the CT ratio between primary & secondary winding. The ratio of CT’s
is 400/200: 5/5.Two types of tests are performed as following

1. Phase to neutral test

 2. Phase to phase test

1. Phase to neutral test

This test is to ensure the CT circuits are properly connected with respected cores and there is no mix up
in the circuit. Before starting this test. Inject 25% of rated primary current between “R” phase and earth
with all connected burden. Measure secondary current at all points of CT circuits. It shall be done for
other phases.

2. Phase to phase test

Inject 25% of rated primary current between phase to phase with all connected burden. Measure
secondary current at all points of CT circuits. It shall be done for other phases.

Chapter 4:
Protection sensors / Relays
4.1Protection at Grid:

1. Line Protection
2. Transformer Protection
3. Bus bar Protection.

4.2 Introduction to Relay:

A Relay is logical elements which process the inputs (mostly voltage and currents) from the system and
issue a trip decision if a fault within its zone is detected.Relays can measure the currents and the
voltages and detect that there is an over-current or an under-voltage or a combination of both.[4]
4.2.1 Advantages of Relay:

Maximum flexibility, Provide multiple functionality, Self-checking and communication facility, It can
be made adaptive for any system

4.3 Bus Bar Protection:

To Provide Protection to Bus Bar Differential Protection is used.

4.3.1 Differential Relay:

A differential relay is one that operates when a vector difference of the two or more electrical quantities
exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or greater than the pickup value, the
relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty section.

Figure 21Differential Relay

A differential relay is defined as the relay that operates when the phase difference of two or more
identical electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined amount. The differential relay works on the
principle of comparison between the phase angle and magnitude of two or more similar electrical
quantities. Comparing two electrical quantities in a circuit using differential relays is simple in
application and positive in action.

Figure 22Differential Relay

4.4 Transmission Line Protection:

 Over Current Relay

 Over Voltage Relay
 Distance Relay
 Under Frequency Relay

4.4.1 Over Voltage Relay:

Overvoltages occur in a system when the system voltage rises over 110% of the nominal rated voltage.
Overvoltage can be caused by a number of reasons, a sudden reduction in loads, switching of transient
loads, lightning strikes, failure of control equipment such as voltage regulators, neutral displacement,.
Overvoltage can cause damage to components connected to the power supply and lead to insulation
failure, damage to electronic components, heating, flashovers, etc. Overvoltage relays can be used to
identify overvoltages and isolate equipment. These relays operate when the measured voltage exceeds a
predetermined set-point. The voltage is usually measured using a Potential Transformers. The details of
the ratio of the potential transformer are also entered into the relay. These relays are usually provided
with a time delay. The time delay can be either instantaneous, fixed time or for IDMT (inverse definite
minimum time) curves. Generally, overvoltage relays are provided with sufficient time delay in order
to avoid unwanted tripping due to transients. These relays can be used to isolate feeders and other
equipment connected to the network. In the case of generators, these relay also switch off the excitation
system to the generators thereby preventing voltage build-up.

4.4.2 Distance Relay:

Distance relays respond to the voltage and current, i.e., the impedance, at the relay location. The
impedance per mile is fairly constant so these relays respond to the distance between the relay location
and the fault location. As the power systems become more complex and the fault current varies with
changes in generation and system configuration, directional overcurrent relays become difficult to
apply and to set for all contingencies, whereas the distance relay setting is constant for a wide variety
of changes external to the protected line

The working principle of the distance relay or impedance relay is very simple. There is one voltage
element from a potential transformer and a current element fed from the current transformer of the
system. The deflecting torque is produced by a secondary current of CT and restoring torque is
produced by a voltage of the potential transformer. In normal operating condition, restoring torque is
more than deflecting torque. Hence relay will not operate. But in faulty condition, the current becomes
quite large whereas voltage becomes less. Consequently, deflecting torque becomes more than
restoring torque and dynamic parts of the relay starts moving which ultimately close the No contact of
the relay. Hence clearly operation or working principle of distance relay depends upon the ratio of
system voltage and current.[5]

Figure 23Distance Relay

As the ratio of voltage to current is nothing but impedance so a distance relay is also known as
impedance relay.The operation of such relay depends upon the predetermined value of the voltage to
current ratio. This ratio is nothing but impedance. The relay will only operate when this voltage to
current ratio becomes less than its predetermined value.Hence, it can be said that the relay will only
operate when the impedance of the line becomes less than a predetermined impedance
(voltage/current).

As the impedance of a transmission line is directly proportional to its length, it can easily be concluded
that a distance relay can only operate if a fault occurs within a predetermined distance or length of a
line.

4.4.3Under Frequency Relay:

The under frequency relay is a solid state device that functions to protect the load in the event generator
frequency decreases below preset limits. It actuates when the frequency decreases to 55 hertz for 60-
hertz operation and 46 hertz for 50-hertz operation. Upon actuation, contacts within the relay close to
signal the annunciator and open to de-energize the generatorbreaker (contractor), resulting in a display
of the fault condition and removal of the load from the generator. Frequency sensing is accomplished
by a tuned circuit consisting of capacitors C1 and C2 and components in the encapsulated base. Zener
diodes CR1, CR2, and CR3 limit the peak voltage to the tuned circuit. The ac output of the tuned
circuit is rectified by diode CR4 and applied to a voltage divider consisting of resistors R1, R2, R3, and
R4. Transistor Q1 compares the voltage at the wiper of potentiometer R3 with the reference voltage
established by Zener diode CR7.

When transistor Q1 conducts, transistor 42 operates as a switch to control the coil voltage on a relay
contained in the encapsulated base. Both transistors Q1 and Q2 and the relay in the encapsulated base
are energized when the frequency of the input voltage to terminals 1 and 2 is normal frequency (50 to
60 hertz). When an under frequency condition occurs, the voltage at the base of transistor Q1 is not
sufficient for conduction. This causes the relay to be de-energized and its contacts to switch. The under
frequency trip point is adjusted by potentiometer R3.

4.4.4Over Current Protection Relay:

Overcurrent is any current load in excess of the safety rating of equipment or the capacity of a
conductor. Overcurrent may result from overload, a short circuit, or a ground fault. As it names
implies, the relay will pick up when it exceeds its present value.

Figure 24Over Current Protection Relay

4.5 Transformer Protection:

 Differential Relay
 Buchholz Relay
 Over Current Relay
 Thermal Relay

4.5.1 Differential Relay:

Differential protection is the best technique in protection. In this type of protection, the electrical
quantities entering and leaving the protected zone or area are compared by current transformers (C.T.s).
If the net difference equal zero, it means no fault exists. [6]

This system is operating in either of the two following principles:

1. Current balance principle.

2. Voltage balance principle.

Differential protection is applicable to all parts of the power system:

 Generator.
 Transformers.
 Motors.
 Buses.
 Lines and feeders.
 Reactors and capacitors

There are two basic types of differential protection:

 Current Balance Differential protection

 Voltage Balanced Differential Protection

1. Current Balance Differential protection:

In current balance differential relay two current transformers are fitted on either side of the
equipment to be protected. The secondary circuits of CTs are connected in series in such a way that
they carry secondary CT current in the same direction.

The operating coil of the relaying element is connected across the CT’s secondary circuit. Under
normal operating conditions, the protected equipment (either power transformer or alternator) carries
normal current. In this situation, say the secondary current of CT 1 is I1and secondary current of CT2 is
I2. It is also clear from the circuit that the current passing through the relay coil is nothing but I 1-I2. As
we said earlier, the current transformer’s ratio and polarity are so chosen, I 1 = I2, hence there will be no
current flowing through the relay coil. Now if any fault occurs in the external to the zone covered by
the CTs, faulty current passes through primary of both current transformers and thereby secondary
currents of both current transformers remain same as in the case of normal operating conditions.
Therefore at that situation, the relay will not be operated. But if any ground fault occurred inside the
protected equipment as shown, two secondary currents will be no longer equal. At that case, the
differential relay is being operated to isolate the faulty equipment (transformer or alternator) from the
system.

Principally this type of relay systems suffers from some disadvantages:

 There may be a probability of mismatching in cable impedance from CT secondary to the

remote relay panel.
 These pilot cables’ capacitance causes incorrect operation of the relay when large through fault
occurs external to the equipment.
 Accurate matching of characteristics of the current transformer cannot be achieved hence there
may be spill current flowing through the relay in normal operating conditions.

2. Voltage Balance Differential Relay

In this arrangement, the current transformer is connected either side of the equipment in such a manner
that EMF induced in the secondary of both current transformers will oppose each other. That means the
secondary of the current transformers from both sides of the equipment are connected in series with
opposite polarity. The differential relay coil is inserted somewhere in the loop created by a series
connection of secondary of current transformers as shown in the figure. In normal operating conditions
and also in through fault conditions, the EMFs induced in both of the CT secondariesis equal and
opposite of each other and hence there would be no current flowing through the relay coil. But as soon
as an internal fault occurs in the equipment under protection, these EMFs are no longer balanced hence
current starts flowing through the relay coil thereby trips the circuit breaker.

There are some disadvantages in the voltage balance differential relay such as a multi-tap transformer
construction is required to accurate balance between current transformer pairs. The system is suitable
for protection of cables of relatively short length otherwise capacitance of pilot wires disturbs the
performance. On long cables, the charging current will be sufficient to operate the relay even if a
perfect balance of current transformer achieved.

4.5.2 Over Current Relay:

In an overcurrent relay or o/c relay the actuating quantity is only current. There is only one current
operating element in the relay, no voltage coil, etc. are required to construct this protective relay. This
type of relay works when the current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined value. The

The actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a current transformer. These
relays are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault flow in either direction. This relay
operates when phase to phase fault occurs.

Figure 25Over Current Relay

In an overcurrent relay, there would be essentially a current coil. When normal current flows through
this coil, the magnetic effect generated by the coil is not sufficient to move the moving element of the
relay, as in this condition the restraining force is greater than deflecting force. But when the current
through the coil increases, the magnetic effect increases, and after a certain level of current, the
deflecting force generated by the magnetic effect of the coil, crosses the restraining force. As a result,
the moving element starts moving to change the contact position in the relay. Although there are
different types of overcurrent relays basic working principle of overcurrent relay is more or less same
for all.
4.5.3 Buchholz Relay:
Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled power transformers and reactors,
equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir. The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective device
sensitive to the effects of a dielectric failure inside the equipment. The relay has multiple methods to
detect a failing transformer. On a slow accumulation of gas, due perhaps to slight overload, gas
produced by the decomposition of insulating oil accumulates in the top of the relay and forces the oil
level down. Afloat switch in the relay is used to initiate an alarm signal.Depending on the design, a
second float may also serve to detect slow oil leaks. If an arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid, and oil
flows rapidly into the conservator.

Figure 26Location of Buchholz Relay

This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the path of the moving oil. This

switch normally will operate a circuit breaker to isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional

damage. Buchholz relays have a test port to allow the accumulated gas to be withdrawn for testing.

Flammable gas found in the relay indicates some internal fault such as overheating or arcing, whereas

air found in the relay may only indicate low oil level or a leak.
Chapter: 05
Conclusion & Recommendations
5.1 Contents:

i. Testing Of Transformer
ii. Dielectric Test of Transformer Oil
iii. Insulation Resistance Test of Transformer
iv. Temperature Calibration Test of Transformer
v. Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Test of Transformer
 vi. Circuit Breaker SF6 Maintenance
vii. Contact resistance testing with Meager
viii. Operating Time Test of Circuit Breaker’s
ix. Meager testing of Transformer Winding
x. Inspection of VCB.

5.2Conclusion:

Before the internship, I heard many theories of Grid Station and working principle of grid station
equipment, control room, Battery room, Relays room and its auxiliary power. In my four months
internship duration, I learned the processes of grid station like that of stepping down of Electricity by
using a transformer, equipment’s safety, receiving and sending of power and control of the power,
Relay operation, uses of batteries, maintenance importance, testing of equipment’s. Here I always tried
to relate my academic course with practical participation of all work above mention.

Besides I also faced some practical problem which was not taught in my academic course. Ability to
understand single line diagrams of different systems. Different types of a test I perform for,
transformers, circuit breaker, current transformer, potential transformer, and batteries electro lite test.
My communication skill also improves through communication with a different instructor. Therefore I
made good achievement with my industrial training which will help me in my future.

5.3 Learned:

After the internship, I became good supervision in all following different grid station departments. I

define every department in details what I learned in four months of internship.

 Understand Grid Station Installation with Single Line Diagram.

 Understand Protection Schemes used at Grid Station.

 Understand Working and Maintenance of Equipment.

 Understand Uses Of Relays at Grid Station.

  Control and Monitoring of Equipment Used at Grid Station.

5.4Understand Grid Installation with Single Line:

Single-line diagram is a simplified notation for representing a three-phase power system. The one-Line
diagram has its largest application in power flow studies. Electrical elements such as circuit breakers,
transformers, capacitors, bus bars, and conductors are shown by standardized schematic symbols.

Figure 27Single Line Diagram of 132KV Grid Station

5.5Understand Protection Schemes used at Grid Station:

Protection at Grid

 Transmission Line Protection

 Transformer Protection
 Bus bar Protection.

5.5.1 Introduction to Relay:

A Relay is logical elements which process the inputs (mostly voltage and currents) from the system and
issue a trip decision if a fault within its zone is detected. Relays can measure the currents and the
voltages and detect that there is an over-current or an under-voltage or a combination of both.
Advantages of Relay

Maximum flexibility, Provide multiple functionality, Self-checking and communication facility, It can
be made adaptive for any system.

5.5.2 Transmission Line Protection:

 Over Current Relay

 Over Voltage Relay

 Distance Relay

 Under Frequency Relay

 Over Current Protection Relay

Overcurrent is any current load in excess of the safety rating of equipment or the capacity of a
conductor. Overcurrent may result from overload, a short circuit, or a ground fault. As its names imply,
the relay will pick up when it exceeds its present value.

 Over Voltage Relay

Overvoltages occur in a system when the system voltage rises over 110% of the nominal rated voltage.
Overvoltage can be caused by a number of reasons, a sudden reduction in loads, switching of transient
loads, lightning strikes, failure of control equipment such as voltage regulators, neutral displacement,.
Overvoltage can cause damage to components connected to the power supply and lead to insulation
failure, damage to electronic components, heating, flashovers, etc.

Overvoltage relays can be used to identify overvoltages and isolate equipment. These relays operate
when the measured voltage exceeds a predetermined set-point. The voltage is usually measured using a
Potential Transformers. The details of the ratio of the potential transformer are also entered into the
relay.
  Distance Relay

The working principle of a distance relay or impedance relay is very simple. There is one voltage
element from the potential transformer and a current element fed from the current transformer of the
system. The d2eflecting torque is produced by a secondary current of CT and restoring torque is
produced by the voltage of the potential transformer.

Distance relays respond to the voltage and current, i.e., the impedance, at the relay location. The
impedance per mile is fairly constant so these relays respond to the distance between the relay location
and the fault location.

 Under Frequency Relay

The under frequency relay is a solid state device that functions to protect the load in the event generator
frequency decreases below preset limits. It actuates when the frequency decreases to 55 hertz for 60-
hertz operation and 46 hertz for 50-hertz operation. Upon actuation, contacts within the relay close to
signal the annunciator and open to de-energize the generator breaker (contractor), resulting in a display
of the fault condition and removal of the load from the generator. Frequency sensing is accomplished
by a tuned circuit consisting of capacitors C1 and C2 and components in the encapsulated base.

5.5.3 Transformer Protection:

 Differential Relay
 Buchholz Relay
 Over Current Relay
 Thermal Relay

5.5.4 Bus bar Protection:

To Provide Protection to Bus Bar Differential Protection is used.

 Differential Relay
A differential relay is one that operates when a vector difference of the two or more electrical quantities
exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or greater than the pickup value, the
relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty section.

A differential relay is defined as the relay that operates when the phase difference of two or more
identical electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined amount. The differential relay works on the
principle of comparison between the phase angle and magnitude of two or more similar electrical
quantities. Comparing two electrical quantities in a circuit using differential relays is simple in
application and positive in action.

5.6 Understand Working and Maintenance of Equipment:

During my Internship at Ludewala Grid Station, I have participated In All scheduled Daily, Monthly
maintenance and Testing. The Major Testing in which I have participated are the following

 SF6 Circuit Breaker at 132 KV

 Testing Of Transformer

 SF6 Circuit Breaker Maintenance

During the Internship at the Ludewala Grid Station, a major fault came on the SF6 Circuit Breaker Of
132KV supply & I have participated in complete Repairing and Testing of this Circuit Breaker.

CAUSES OF C.B FAULTS

 Insulation failure.

 Mechanical defect.

 Leakage of Air, Oil, Gas.

 Inadequate rating

 Lack of maintenance.

 Thermal Breakdown of ingress moisture.

Fault
Circuit Breaker does not close

Cause

On the top side Circuit breakers, there are fix contact and the moving contacts are covered with the
cylinder, where the fix and moving contacts are makes and break. These contacts are damaged due to
which one pole does not close and for remedial we will replace contacts.

 Maintenance Procedure of CB
 . Disconnect from Circuit through isolator.
 Discharge gas from the gas chamber to the gas tank.
 Check all the contacts of CB.
 Replace the contacts that are aged.
 Closing the fixed Chamber.
 Filled Gas after filtering to the CB chamber
 Testing.

 Testing after Maintenance

i. Contact resistance testing with Meager.
ii. Operating Time Test.

 Contact Resistance Testing with Meager

The resistance of the main circuit is measured from DC voltage drop across the circuit. In this test,
direct current is injected to the circuit and the corresponding voltage drop is measured and from this
resistance of the circuit is measured. In this test basically, we check the gripping of the contacts due to
loose gripping the contact resistance will be increased. The resistance should be less than 50 micro-
ohm.

 Operating Time Test

i. Open Time Test

ii. Close Time Test
5.6.1 Open Time Test:
In open test check the timing test on a circuit breaker, connect the DC source and connect the R, Y, B
leads in the breaker panel box and giving the operating signal and checked the RYB breakers open
time. Acceptable opening time is less than 31ms on each breaker.

Figure 28Timing Results of Opening Test

5.6.2 Close Time Test:

In close test check the breaker close timing, connect the DC source and two wire of in which RYB in
the breaker panel box and give the operating signal and check the breakers close timing.
 Figure 29Results of Closing Test

 The parameters should be measured and recorded during the operation test
of the circuit breaker, are given below
 The closing time of each pole.
 Closing time difference between poles.
 Opening time of each pole.
 Opening time difference between poles or opening mismatch time.
 Close-Open time of each pole.
 Contact speed for closing in deg/ms
 Contact speed for opening in deg/ms
 Spring charging time.

 Safety precautions while Circuit Breaker Testing

 Firstly Takes the Shutdown.
 Before working on the circuit breaker the Isolator must be opened.
 Don’t forget to use PTG (PORTABLE TEMPORARY GROUND) before working on a circuit
breaker.
 Standards Tests of Transformers
  Insulation Resistance Test

 TTR Test

 C & DF Test

 Earth Resistance Test

 Oil Insulation Test (D.E.S)

 Temperature Calibration Test

5.7 Insulation Resistance Test:

The Megger test (also commonly known as insulation resistance) is a spot insulation test which uses an
applied DC voltage typically 5,000Vdc for high voltage equipment) to measure insulation resistance in
either KΩ, MΩ or GΩ. The measured resistance is intended to indicate the condition of the insulation
or dielectric between two conductive parts, where the higher the resistance, the better the condition of
the insulation.

 The procedure of Insulation Resistance Test of Transformer

 First, disconnect all the line and neutral terminals of the transformer.

 Megger leads to be connected to LV and HV bushing studs to measure insulation resistance IR

value in between the LV and HV windings.

 Megger leads to be connected to HV bushing studs and transformer tank earth point to measure

insulation resistance IR value in between the HV windings and earth.

 Megger leads to be connected to LV bushing studs and transformer tank earth point to measure
insulation resistance IR value in between the LV windings and earth.

5.8 Turn Ratio Test:

The turn ratio test is an AC low voltage test which determines the ratio of the high voltage winding to
all other windings at no-load. The turn ratio test is performed on all taps of every winding. Voltage is
applied on the H marked leads and measured of the X marked lead by the test set.Ratio measurements
are conducted on all tap positions and calculated by dividing the induced voltage reading into the
applied voltage value. When ratio tests are being made on three-phase transformers, the ratio is taken
on one phase at a time with a three-phase TTR until the ratio measurements of all three phase.

 Procedure

Isolate The Equipment, apply working grounds to all incoming and outgoing cables and disconnect all
incoming and outgoing cables from the transformer bushing terminals connections.

 Disconnected cables should have sufficient clearance from the switchgear terminals greater than
the phase spacing distance. Use nylon rope to hold cable away from incoming and outgoing
terminals as required.

 Connect the H designated three-phase test lead with the military style connector at one end to
the mating connector on the test set marked with an H. Ensure that the connector’s index notch
lines up properly.

 Connect the X designated three-phase test of lead military style connector at one end to the
mating connector on the test set marked with an X. Ensure that the connector’s index notch
lines up properly.

 Connect the H1, H2, H3 designated test lead to the corresponding H1, H2, H3 transformer
terminal/bushing. Connect the H0 terminal/bushing is present.

 Connect the X1, X2, and X3 designated test lead to the corresponding X1, X2,X3 transformer
terminal/bushing. Connect the X0 test lead if X0 terminal/bushing is present.
  Perform turns ratio measurements for all tap positions.

 Confirm that the measured ratio is within 0.5% of the calculated ratios.

Oil Insulation Test

The insulation oil of voltage- and current-transformers fulfills the purpose of insulating as well as
cooling. Thus, the dielectric quality of transformer oil is a matter of the secure operation of a
transformer.As transformer oil deteriorates through aging and moisture ingress, transformer oil should,
depending on economics, transformer duty and other factors, be tested periodically.Transformer oil
testing sequences and procedures are defined by various international standards.

5.9 Problem Faced:

There are some problems which I faced during the internship period. The problems are given below.

i. My instructor at Grid Station showed me every equipment practically but did not relate with
theory most of the times.
ii. Practical participation in different works of Grid Station would give more experience but
practical participation was not allowed for internship student.
iii. The company did not provide me enough data for security purpose.

5.10 Recommendations:

Some recommendations are given below for the students to do their internship program in a better way

i. The internship program should be scheduled in such a way so that it does not clash with the
university classes.
ii. More theoretical knowledge about protection system, power equipment’s should be learned
before going for an internship. Hence students must complete the related courses to their
internship before joining the program. Taking the courses before the internship helps the
students understand the topic much better.
References:

References

[1] U. o. Calgary, "Electrical grid," 18 05 2018. [Online]. Available:

https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Electrical_grid.
[2] V. M. a. R. Mehta, Principles of Power System, New Delhi: S. Chand, 2005.
[3] A. T, "Circuit Globe," 18 August 2015. [Online]. Available: https://circuitglobe.com/sf6-sulphur-

hexaflouride-circuit-breaker.html.
[4] S. S. Rao, Switchgear Protection and Power System, Khanna Publishers, 2008.
[5] S. S. Rao, "Distance Protection Relay," in Switchgear Protection and Power System, Khanna,

2008.
[6] C. B. a. B. Hardy, Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering - 4th Edition., United

Kingdom, 2011.
Industrial Training Certificate