A

REPORT ON

SUMMER TRAINING

AT

400 KV SUBSTATION PANKI

Submitted In Partial Fulfillment for the Award Of

Polytechnic in Electrical Engineering

By

SYAD SAMEER AHMAD (1804528209)

Under The Guidance Of

ER. GAURAV PRAKASH OJHA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

RAMA UNIVERSITY
 CONTENT

Introduction

Overview of sub-station

Single line diagram of 400KV sub-station

System parameters

Auto transformer

Current transformer

Potential transformer

Circuit breaker

Lightening arrestor

Isolator

Earth switch

Shunt reactor

Wave trap

Capacitor voltage transformer

Substation batteries

Protection relay

Conclusion
 Introduction
A power substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity
generation, transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed
from high or medium to low or the reverse using transformers. Electric power
flows through several substations between generating plant and consumer
changing the voltage level in several stages.
A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage with decreasing
current, while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage with increasing
the current for domestic and commercial distribution. The word substation comes
from the days before the distribution system became a grid.
At first substations were connected to only one power station where the generator
was housed and were subsidiaries of that power station. Substations generally
contain one or more transformers and have switching, protection and control
equipment. In a large substation, circuits breakers are used to interrupt any short-
circuit or overload currents that may occur on the network. Smaller distribution
stations may use re-closer circuit breakers or fuses for protection of branch
circuits. A typical substation will contain line termination structures, high-voltage
switchgear, one or more power transformers, low voltage switchgear, surge
protection, controls, grounding (earthing) system, and metering. Other devices
such as power factor correction capacitors and voltage regulators may also be
located at a substation.
 Overview of sub-station
As we said earlier the whole substation is divided in three parts i.e. 132Kv site, 400Kv
site& 220kv site. The Civil work is completing by L&T Company. Other part of project
Design, Engineering, Manufacture, Supply, Erection, Testing and Commission Of bays
will complete by CGL.

In 400Kv Substation Panki Switchyard following outdoor instrument used:

Inter Connected Transformer Current Transformer

Potential Transformer

Capacitor Voltage Transformer

Circuit Breaker

Isolator

Lightning Arrester

Reactor

Earth switch

Wave Trap

These are the following bays inside the switchyard of 400Kv substation Panki, Kanpur:

315MVA ICT-1
315 MVA ICT-2

400KV Panki – Rewa Road Line

400 KV Panki – Unnao line

 System parameters
Current transformer
A current transformer is a gadget utilized for the transformation of higher value currents into
lower values. It is utilized in an analogous manner to that of AC instruments, control apparatus,
and meters. These are having lower current ratings and are used for maintenance and
installation of current relays for protection purpose in substations.
Potential transformer
The potential transformers are similar in characteristics as current transformers but are utilized
for converting high voltages to lower voltages for protection of relay system and for lower rating
metering of voltage measurements.

Circuit breaker
The circuit breakers are such type of switches utilized for closing or opening circuits at
the time when a fault occurs within the system. The circuit breaker has 2 mobile
contacts which are in OFF condition in normal situations. At the time when any fault
occurs in the system, a relay is sending the tripped command to the circuit breaker
which moves the contacts apart, hence avoiding any damage to the circuitry.
Lightening arrestor
The lightning arresters can be considered as the first ever components of a substation. These
are having a function of protecting equipment of substation from high voltages and are also
limiting the amplitude and duration of the current’s flow. These are connected amid earth and
line i.e. connected in line with equipment in the substation. These are meant for diversion of
current to earth if any current surge appears hence by protecting insulation as well as conductor
from damages. These are of various types and are distinguished based on duties.
Isolator
The isolators in substations are mechanical switches which are deployed for isolation of circuits
when there is an interruption of current. These are also known with the name of disconnected
switches operation under no-load conditions and are not fortified with arc-quenching devices.
These switches have no specific current breaking value neither these have current making
value. These are mechanically operated switches.

Earth switch
Main function of earth switch is to ground the isolated bus/conductor. It is interlinked with
isolator, when isolator opens the circuit, earth switch is closed & when isolator closes the circuit,
earth switch is opened. So earth switch provides extra safety to the working personnel.
Shunt reactor
A shunt reactor is an absorber of reactive power, thus increasing the energy efficiency of the
system. It is the most compact device commonly used for reactive power compensation in long
high-voltage transmission lines and in cable systems.
Wave trap
The wave trapper is one of the substation components which is placed on the incoming lines
for trapping of high-frequency waves. The high-frequency waves which are coming from nearby
substations or other localities are disturbing the current and voltages, hence its trapping is of
great importance. The wave trapper is basically tripping high-frequency waves and is then
diverting the waves into telecom panel.

Capacitor voltage transformer

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT or CCVT), is a transformer used in power systems to
step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for metering or
operating a protective relay.
 Substation batteries
The control panel and relays of the substation require DC supply of 220 volt .

This DC supply is made with the help of battery bank reserve normally kept in a
separate room called battery room.

The batteries used in this substation are Nickel-cadmium batteries. These

batteries are used due to their advantages like low maintenance, longer life etc.

Each cell is of 2V and 6Ah capacity.

 Protection relays
A relay is automatic device which senses an abnormal condition of electrical
circuit and closes its contacts. These contacts in turns close and complete the
circuit breaker trip coil circuit hence make the circuit breaker tripped for
disconnecting the faulty portion of the electrical circuit from rest of the healthy
circuit.
Types of relays
Types of protection relays are mainly based on their characteristic, logic, on
actuating parameter and operation mechanism.

Based on Characteristic the protection relay can be categorized as:

1. Definite time relays

2. Inverse time relays with definite minimum time(IDMT)
3. Instantaneous relays.
4. IDMT with inst.
5. Stepped characteristic.
6. Programmed switches.
7. Voltage restraint over current relay.

Based on of logic the protection relay can be categorized as-

1. Differential.
2. Unbalance.
3. Neutral displacement.
4. Directional.
5. Restricted earth fault.
6. Over fluxing.
7. Distance schemes.
8. Bus bar protection.
9. Reverse power relays.
10. Loss of excitation.
11. Negative phase sequence relays etc.

Based on actuating parameter the protection relay can be categorized as-

 1. Current relays.
2. Voltage relays.
3. Frequency relays.
4. Power relays etc.

Conclusion
Major steps towards fully automating and enabling faster system
restoration through current developments in substation, automation,
especially in the field of communication and data integration are developed.