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Internal
I2
External
I1
87G
I1-I2
Restraining Coil
Restraining Torque Current I1 X Current I2
Operating Torque (Current in Operating Coil)2
Characteristics of High Speed 87G Relay
I1: Current in 1st CT CT Margin Error (10%)
I2: Current in 2nd CT
t: Operating Time
+Ve Torque
Region
I1
t
-Ve Torque
Region
I2 I2 I1-I2
Generator Stator Ground Fault Protection (64G):
During Ground
M
Fault, Primary
64G-2
10.5KV/240 Impedance value
V, 10 KVA 12.5 Hz decreases causing
Source more current to flow
in circuit and thus
operate the relay.
Reverse Power Protection (32G)
Occurs, when Prime Mover Failed i.e. Turbine Tripped
Acts like an Synchronous Motor during Reverse Power.
Reverse Power is primarily used for the protection of the
Prime Mover or Turbine. It may damage the Blades.
Normal Motoring Power flow is approx. in the range of 0.5
4.0 % of the Machine Rating. However, Generator
manufacturer provides the exact range.
Stage-1; 32-1: When Turbine Tripped & Reverse Power
flows for 2 Seconds
Stage-2; 32-2: When Reverse Power flows for 10 Seconds
Reverse Power Protection (32G) Logics
32-2 :
After 10 Sec, 86G
Rev. Pwr. Operated
32-1 :
After 2 Sec, 86G
Rev. Pwr. Turbine Trip Operated
Y R Y R
Relative Frequency:
100 Hz
B B
I1
87T
I1-I2
Restraining Coil
Characteristics of Differential Protection (87T)
-R Xd/2 +R
C1
C2
R1 Zb
Xd
R2
40-1 40-2
Zb: Base Impedance of
Machine
Xd: Trans. React. of M/c Dia. of 40-1: Zb/2
Xd: Synch. React. of M/c -X Dia. of 40-2: Xd
Offset: Xd/2
Under-Frequency Protection (81U):
Cause: Occurs mainly due to System Disturbances & Jerks,
when Grid Connected Mode or during Mismatch between
Generation & Load during Grid Isolated Mode.
Effect: Vibration in the last Stage of the Turbine Blades.
Stage-1 (81-1): Provides Alarm (48 Hz, Inst.)
Stage-2 (81-2): Operates 86GB or Trip GCB (47.5 Hz, 6 Sec.)
Stage-3 (81-3): Operates 86GA (47 Hz, 1 Sec.)
Basic Insulation
Rotor Earth Fault Protection (TG # 6&7): Characteristics
CK1
R
R
PT
Sup CK2
ply Grnd. Slip Ring
C
Generator-Rotor Shaft
-Ve Slip Ring
C= 1
1 1
+ CR CR: Capacitance of
CK1+CK2 Rotor Winding
81U-1 - - - Alarm
81U-2 86GB
81U-3 86GA
51V - - 86GA 86GA
DC + DC -
Trip Contacts
52a
Trip
Coil
95A
95B
Pre-Close Trip Supervision
95A
95C
95B
Distance Protection of Transmission Lines
When fault occurs, Voltage reduces & Current increases.
Distance relay sense ratio (V/I).
During fault, ZFault < ZNormal, When value of ZFault reduces below
the set value, then it operates.
Relay Location
F Fault Location
Power Flow
Voltage
F
Distance
ZNormal = V/I = 110 V / 1 A = 110 Ohms Secondary Impedance
ZFault = VF/IF
During Fault: VF < V and IF > I
Thus value of ZFault decreases during fault.
Note: As we moves from Fault Point to Relay Measurement
Location, the value of Fault Voltages will be in increasing
order.At fault location F, value of VF will be minimum.
So, ZF < Z
Line Characteristics
Mho Characteristics:
Z3
Zone-1: Approx. 80 % of Line +X
Length
Z2
Time Delay: Instant
Zone-2: Approx. 150 % of
Total Length Z1
Z2
Z1
= 1500
= 300 +R
Z4
Some terms used in Distance Protection:
Under-Reach: Failure of Distance Relay to operate within the set
protected distance
Over-Reach: Operation of Distance Relay for a fault beyond its set
protected distance.
PUTT Logic: Permissive Under-Reach Transfer Trip
POTT Logic: Permissive Over-Reach Transfer Trip
Power Swing: Power Swing is the temporary 3-Phase Fault
condition, which occurs due to sudden change in heavy loads in the
connected system. As this is the temporary fault, equipment should
not trip due to Power Swing. Travel Speed of Power Swing is
comparatively slow compared to fault condition (Approx. 50 ms
200 ms).
MOTOR PROTECTION RELAY (SPAM150C)
I/In: Setting of Full Load Current (0.5 1.5 In)
t6x (s): Setting of Curve (2 120 Sec.)
P (%): Weighing Factor
a (%): Thermal Prior Alarm (50 100%)
i (%): Thermal Restart Inhibit (20 80%)
Kc: Cooling Time Constant (1 64 x Heat Time Constant)
Is/In: Starting Current (1 10 In)
ts (s): Operating Time for Is (0.05 30 s)
I>>/In: High Set Over-current (0.5 20 In & )
T>> (s): Operating Time for I>> (0.04 30 Sec.)
I0 (%In): Earth Fault Protection (1 100% In)
T0 (s): Operate Time for I0 (0.05 30 Sec.)
I (%IL): Unbalance Current Setting (10 5 40 % of IL & )
t (s): Curve for I (20 120 s)
I< (% I) : Undercurrent Protection (30 80 % of I)
t< (s) : Operate Time of I< (2 600 s)
tsi (s) : Time based Start Inhibit Counter (5 500 s)