LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 1

LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

By (Firstname Lastname)

Electrical Engineering

Professor (Tutor)

The Name of the School (University)

March 5, 2019
 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 2

Lab Report on Single Phase Transformer

Objective

The lab aim was is develop a good understanding of practical transformer features and to study

methods needed in transformer performance evaluation.

Introduction

Transformers are abstractly unpretentious equipment that operates by performing conversion

between different current levels and alternating Current (AC) voltage levels. Transformer

performance laws and rules are very simple but some real transformer devices features seems to

be more complex than expected relating to the simple theories. The key issue is to learn both

transformers operation as well as their criteria in establishing their important features.

This lab experiment involves applying and using the modern power frame training kits. The kit is

specifically designed for use in studying electrical machines and a transformer is included as

well.

Theory

Transformer contains magnetic core having many windings on both secondary and primary

section. This is shown in the figure below. Magnetic field is created when the current is passed

over the primary coil. The magnetic field induction takes place by enhancement of the magnetic

core, which confines the magnetic field flux to the flux path inside the core.
 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 3

The magnetic field flux alternate with equal frequency of the voltage when voltage is passed to

the primary coils. On reaching the secondary coils, EMF is created due to electromagnetic

induction. The number of turns on the coil as well as the rate of change of flux dictates the

amount of the induced EMF in the coil

Ideal Transformer

The equation used to express the voltage across both the primary and secondary coils are given

by equations below
 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 4

In the case of ideal transformer, the flux produce on the primary coiling is directly proportional

to that on the secondary coil therefore the expression is stated below

The ratio N1:N2 is called the turn ratio. In the case where the voltage in the secondary

coil/winding is higher than that in the primary coil/winding or the value of the turn ratio is less

than 1, the transformer is referred to as the step up transformer. While a transformer with turn

ratio, more than 1 is referred to as step down transformer (Hambley, 2014).

Ideal transformer has no power loss and therefore P1 = P2, where Power P = V*I hence V1I1 =

V2I2

Winding Polarity

The polarity of the secondary coil is dependent on the nature by which the coils are wounded

around the secondary coil. Same polarity is arrived at when the coils wound on the same

direction either clockwise or anticlockwise. The figures below illustrate the polarity of the

various coiling. The polarity affects the resulting voltage (Hughes & Smith, 2005). The polarity

of two windings can be determined by connecting the windings of the common terminals and

taking the measurement of the two non-common terminals. Voltage of the terminals having same
 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 5

amount with the difference of the individual voltages have same polarity. In the case the of the

voltage is sum or is equal to individual voltage, the polarities are opposite (Gates, 2013)

Series and parallel connection

Output voltages and currents can be changed through connecting the secondary coils either in

series or parallel directions (Dingle & ooley, 2007). Secondary coils having same turn’s ratio are

connected in parallel. The polarity must be the same to stop destruction of the heavy currents.

Real transformers
 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 6

Real transformer have power loses. Looking at the figure below, the real transformer has

components that accounts for the loses. These loses recorded are seen causing the phase shift.

(Care, 2010)

The loses are resulted from the following phenomenon

 Losses in the core, which are represented by RC

 Leakages of reactance caused by incomplete flux between the coils and represented by

X1 and X2

 Losses on copper caused by winding resistance and represented by R1 and R2

 Losses due to self-inductance of the primary winding denoted as Xm

Phasor Diagrams

The figure below shows an illustration of the phasor diagram. The diagram describes the voltage

regulation
 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 7

Apparatus

 Apparatus

 One single-phase transformer

 One switched three phased resistance load (67-142)

 One PC installed with Virtual Instrumentation program

 One switched three-phase inductance load (67-312)

 One universal power load

 One Oscilloscope

 One switched three phase capacitance load (67-212)

 One multichannel I/O unit (68-500)

 Standard set of patch leads

Experimental Procedures

Preliminary Setup Procedures

The following steps are followed before the main experiment is carried out
 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 8

 Powering the multichannel I/O unit is powered and switch on. This is kept on until the

experiment end. The voltmeter's switches were set at 500V while those of ammeters are

set at 1A. The earth terminal is connect to the universal power supply

 The 3-phase power cable was plugged into the main socket thereafter switched on. The

circuit breakers were kept off

 The program was then started on the windows whereby the command used involved

start>program> feedback Instrumentation > Discovery II IMS. The meters for

measurement were activated. LED on the I/O unit was lit to show meters were in

operation. The other windows were used to check on other information such as apparent

and real power collectively termed as power factors.

Familiarization

 The set up was familiarized by determine the effect of lad on the transformer.

 Voltage ratios on no-loads

 The circuit was set up as shown with primary voltage of 40V. the readings recored

 The voltage ratio for each configuration was calculated.

 The turn number for the secondary coiling was determined since the primary core turns

were known together with the turn ratio

 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 9

 The circuit was assembled as shown in the figure below. A resistance load of 546

ohms was set using the three phase resistive load. To achieve 546 ohm, 950 1950

and 3770 ohms are connected in parallel. the load switch was kept on and primary

voltage set at 230V

 The resistivity of the load was then disconnected by putting of the load switch,

thereafter the measurements repeated.

 The current and voltage ratios were computed and comparison made with the

known theoretical values.

 Both the input and output power values were computed, differences noted and

discussed later on this paper

 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 10

Transformer Polarity

The polarities of all the winding of the transformers was established by the following steps

Firstly, the circuit was assembled as shown in the figure below, with the connection links. The

value of the primary voltage was placed at 40V. The readings were recorded and tabulated

below.

The experiment was repeated placing different connection and different value of the primary

voltage

The winding polarity was thereafter established for all the configurations. A circuit diagram with

arrows showing the various polarities was drawn

 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 11

5.8 Power efficiency and voltage regulation

a. Resistive load

 A combination of switches were chosen together with a total load of 1822 ohms for the

three phase resistive load

 The circuit was connected as shown in the figure below. Virtual instrumentation was

amended to enable taking and reading of power factors. The primary voltage is increased

to a point where I2 was 0.80A

 The load switcher was then switched off by disconnecting the load.

 Voltage regulation was determined by using output voltage on full load and at zero load

 Voltage regulation was then estimated using an equation.

 The phasor diagrams were then drawn

 The power efficiency of the transformer at full load was then computed
 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 12

Results and Discussion

Voltage ratios on no-load

S/N Vi (v) V2(v) Voltage Ratios

(V1/V2)

A 40.2 12.6 3.1

B 40 12.5 3.2

C 40 25 1.6

D 40 43 0.93
 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 13

From the results above it can be seen that averagely, the ratio is greater than 1, hence the

transformer is a step down transformer.

Voltage and current ratios on load

The voltage and current ratios were determined and tabulated in the tables below

V1 V2 I1 I2 Ratios (V) Ratio (A)

on 230 224 0.476 0.418 1.02 1.13

off 230 248 0.33 0.002 0.92 165

Comparison of the two secondary windings

Voltage ratios were computed and recorded as shown below with the polarity mentioned

V1 V2 Ratio (V)

a) 230 125 1.84

b) 230 0 Polarity = same

Parallel Connection

V1 V2 I1 I2

off 230 0.134 0.033 0.002

on 230 119 0.369 0.640

Series connection

V1 V2 I1 I2
 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 14

Off 230 248 0.034 0.003

on 230 230 0.415 0.363

Core-loss loop

Magnetizing current waveform

V I

5 2.5

10 4.3

15 5.7

20 6.8

25 7.6

30 8.4

35 9.1

40 9.7

45 10.3

50 10.9

Low = 5

Medium = 25

High = 50
LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 15
 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 16

Open Circuit test

V1 V2 I1

230 125 0.034

Short Circuit Test

V1 I1 I2

26 0.440 0.802

Phasor Diagram

Magnetizing Current waveform for low, medium and high primary voltages
LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 17
 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 18

Phase relationship of primary current and secondary voltage

 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 19

Phase relationship between the primary and secondary voltages

 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 20

Power efficiency and voltage regulation

a.

V1 V2 I1 I2

235 120 0.377 0.655

off 235 127 0.035 0.003

b.

V1 V2 I1 I2

170 93 0.44 0.80

off 231 126 0.034 0.003

c.

V1 V2 I1 I2
 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 21

231 116 0.393 0.670

off 230 126 0.034 0.003

Conclusion

The experiment was successful and the following conclusion was made.

The aim of the experiment was achieved since there were no serious anomalies, which

were met during the experiment. The understanding of the practical transformer features

were realized whereby a lot of methods used to evaluate transformer performance was

exhausted
 LAB REPORT ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 22

References

Care, C., 2010. Technology for Modelling: Electrical Analogies, Engineering Practice, and the

Development of Analogue Computing. s.l.:Springer Science & Business Media.

Dingle, . L. & ooley, M. T., 2007. Higher National Engineering. s.l.:Routledge,.

Gates, E. D., 2013. Introduction to Basic Electricity and Electronics Technology. s.l.:Cengage

Learning.

Hambley, A. R., 2014. Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications. s.l.:Pearson, .

Hughes, E. & Smith, I. M., 2005. Hughes electrical technology. Pennsylvania State University:

Longman Scientific & Technical.