LAB REPORT ON STRESS AND STRAIN IN CYLINDERS

by (Firstname Lastname)

The Name of the Class (Course)

Professor (Tutor)

The Name of the School (University)

December 6, 2019
 Lab report on stress and strain in cylinders

Objectives of the experiment

The objective of the lab report was as follows:

For thick cylinders, the aim of the experiment was;

i. To determine the radial and hoop strain for the thick cylinder and relate them with the

theoretical values.

ii. To show that longitudinal strain in thick cylinders are smaller than other strain values.

iii. To investigate the linearity of the strain gauges

iv. To compute the derived stress and relate them with the theoretical values.

For thin cylinders, the aim was;

i. To check linearity for both end conditions of the strain gauges

ii. To determine the Young modulus of the thin cylinder material

iii. To find the Poison’s Ratio for the cylinder material

iv. To illustrate on how to draw the Mohr’s circle

v. To compare the experimental Young’ Modulus with the theoretical values

Theoretical development

The principal stress and the strains of an internally pressurized cylinder are given as:

εR Radial strain

εθ Hoop (or circumferential) strain

σR Radial stress

σL Axial (or longitudinal) stress

εL Axial (or longitudinal) strain

σθ Hoop (or circumferential) stress

Thin cylinder
1
A cylinder having a thickness less than ∗ 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 is termed as a thin walled cylinder. The radial
12

stress is very small and is a time neglected. The hoop and the axial stress for the thin-wall cylinder is

constant and hardly varies across the wall. The hoop and axial stress and strain for a thin cylinder is

given by the following formulae.

Strain Stress

1 𝑃𝑑
Hoop 𝜀𝜃 = (𝜎 − 𝑣𝜎𝐿 ) 𝜎 =
𝐸  2𝑡

1 𝑃𝑑
Axial 𝜀𝐿 = (𝜎 − 𝑣𝜎 ) 𝜎𝐿 =
𝐸 𝐿 4𝑡

P and d represent internal pressure and diameter respectively and t representing the wall thickness. For

an open thin-walled cylinder, the axial stress is equal to zero.

Mohr’s circle is used in illustrating the principal strain in the thick cylinders, whereby the hoops and

⃗ 𝜀𝐿 is the minimum principal strain while the maximum principal strain is

axials represents the strains. 𝑂

⃗ 𝜀𝜃 .
represented with 𝑂
The y-axis in the Mohr’s circle, represents the shear strain where the shear stress can be determined. At

45 degrees, both the maximum shear stress and strain are determined.

Thick cylinder

The formulae for computing the stress and strains at radius r for an open ended thick-wall cylinder. the

axial stress is zero but there are axial strains. The formulae are given as shown in the table.

Strain Stress
1 𝐵
Hoop 𝜀𝜃 = (𝜎 − 𝑣𝜎𝑟 ) 𝜎 = 𝐴 +
𝐸 𝑟2
𝑣
Axial 𝜀𝐿 = (𝜎 + 𝜎𝑟 ) 𝜎𝐿 = 0
𝐸
1 𝐵
Radial 𝜀𝑅 = (𝜎𝐿 − 𝑣𝜎 ) 𝜎𝑅 = 𝐴 −
𝐸 𝑟2

The parameters A and B are constants to be determined from the loading conditions
Experiment procedures

The thick and thin cylinder machines were allowed to stabilized for 15 minutes after being switched on.

The use of VDAS with cylinder called for the connection of the cylinders with the VDAS-B interface

and a computer

Thin Cylinders

The strain readings were taken at intervals of 0.5MPa at a pressure of 3.0MPa for both the end conditions

In setting the end condition, the cylinders were first unpressurized,

Thick Cylinder

The strain reading was taken for gauge 1,2, and 11 at 1.0 MPa intervals for a maximum pressure of the

cylinder of 7.0 MPa

The strain reading for each gauge was taken at a value of 7 MPa

NOTE: Both the cylinders were unpressurised after the experiment

The following data were used for theoretical computation

E = 69GPa and υ = 0.33 for thin cylinder and E = 73GPa and υ = 0.33 for thick cylinder

The formulae applied during the theoretical analysis are

Young’s
Stress Poisson’s ratio
Modulus

𝐹 𝜎 𝜖𝐿
𝜎= 𝐸= 𝜐=−
𝐴 𝜀 𝜖𝐻

Presentation of results

Thin cylinder:

Chart Title
45.00
40.00 y = 13.333x + 0.0014
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
 800
600
Cylinder pressure

400
200
0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
-200
-400
strain

(με) (με) (με)

(με) (με) (MN.m-2)
Linear ((με)) Linear ((με)) Linear ((με))
Linear ((με)) Linear ((με)) Linear ((MN.m-2))
Thick cylinder

(a) Plot of strain against pressure for selected strain gauges.

 150

100
strain

50

0
0.03 0.03 1.00 2.00 3.01 4.01 5.01 6.01 7.00 6.98

-50

-100
pressure

(με) Strain 3 (με) Strain 5 (με) Strain 7 (με)

Strain 9 (με) Strain 11 (με) Strain 13 (με) Strain 2 (με)
Strain 4 (με) Strain 6 (με) Strain 8 (με) Strain 10 (με)
Strain 12 (με)

800

Series1
600
Series2

Series3
400
Series4
eθ, er(N/mm2)

200 Series5

Series6
0 Series7
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Series8
-200

-400

-600
Radius (mm)
 100

80 σθ , σr (N / mm2)
σθ, σr (N / mm2)

60 σθ , σr (N / mm2)
σθ , σr (N / mm2)
40
σθ , σr (N / mm2)
20
σθ , σr (N / mm2)
0 σθ , σr (N / mm2)
0 50 100 150
-20 σθ , σr (N / mm2)
σθ , σr (N / mm2)
-40

-60
Radius

Discussion

The result found from the experiment were tabled and expressed in excel file attached. the result

conforms with the thin cylinder stress theory. the result showed that indeed the hoop stress is about

twice the longitudinal stress for the thin cylinder. Similarly, the hoop stress and longitudinal stresses

are similar and equal.

The graphs of strain gauges of hoop and radial strain versus penetration shows linearity in the graph

relationship. There were errors during the experiment caused by system failure, human error as a result

of miscalculation and absolute error caused by poor reading of the apparatus

Conclusion

the results obtained from experiment were in line with the theoretical predicted results. the results in

this experiment can be applied in design of real-life situation such as gas transmission over a pipeline.

such pipe is designed with thick cylinders. the internal and external pressures for such pipelines are

very prevalent and their pressure distribution are important factor.