EGR2208: PRINCIPLES OF

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING II

CHAPTER TWO: TRANSFORMERS

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 INTRODUCTION
• A transformer is a static device that transform electrical power from
one electrical circuit to another electrical circuit (and from one voltage
level to another).
• The transformation occurs through medium of magnetic field without
change in frequency.
• The electric circuit that receives energy from the supply is called
“primary winding” of the transformer, whereas the one that delivers
energy to the load is called “secondary winding”.
• Basically the transformer has “High Voltage Side” and “Low Voltage
side” and it can be “step up” or “step down” transformer.

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 INTRODUCTION
• The primary and secondary sides of the transformer are linked through
the core.

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 INTRODUCTION

Power Transformer Typical Small Devices Transformer

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 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A TRANSFORMER
• The transformer works with AC supply
• When the voltage is supplied to the primary side an alternating
Magnetic Flux is set up which will be linked to the secondary coil
through the core.
• Of course the magnitude of flux depends on the voltage level, the
number of turns in the primary windings and the reluctance of the core
(refer to chapter 1).
• The alternating (rather changing) flux will induce EMFs in both the
primary and secondary windings, in which the secondary EMF can be
tapped to a load.

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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A TRANSFORMER

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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF A TRANSFORMER

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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER
• The equivalent circuit of a transformer is a circuit model which
represents the transformer with electrical metrics like resistance,
inductance , currents, voltages and EMFs.
• The equivalent Circuit allows the transformer to be analyzed using
circuit theory.
• We represents the resistance and leakage reactance of both the
primary and secondary windings with a series resistance and reactance
(i.e. R1, X1 & R2, X2).
• The magnetizing reactance and core loss resistance are represented by
a shunt branch.
• The transformer load is represented by the load impedance at the
transformer output terminals.

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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER

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 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER

•,
V1 E1 I1 R1  jX1 E1 IZ
1 1
• Where R1 & R2 are the primary
& secondary winding resistances
•, • X1 & X2 are the primary &
E2 V2 I2 R2  jX2 V2 I2Z2
secondary leakage reactances
• ,  V2  E2  I2Z2 • RC is the core loss resistance and

• Xm is the magnetizing reactance

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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER
• The no load current is made up of two component the core loss current
IC and magnetizing current Im (IO = IC + Im).

• IO is about 1% of the full load current of the transformer.

• It is the current that the transformer will draw when the secondary is not
connected to a load.

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 PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A TRANSFORMER
• When the transformer is on no load it will only draw the no load
current IO = IC + Im. In which IC is perpendicular to Im.

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 PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A TRANSFORMER

• The general phasor diagram can be realized using equations:

V1  E1 I1R1  jI1X1

E2 V2 I2R2 jI2X2

I1  I o  I 1
'

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PHASOR DIAGRAM OF A TRANSFORMER

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I1R1 is drawn parallel to I1 and JI1X1 is perpendicular to I1R1.
•

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V1 will be the summation V1  E1 I1R1  jI1X1
•

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Ф1 will be the angle between V1 and I1 and Ф2 will be the
angle between I2 and V2
•

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Similarly, as above E2 V2 I2R2 jI2X2
•

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 TRANSFORMER PARAMETERS FROM SHORT
CIRCUIT AND OPEN CIRCUIT TESTS
• Open circuit and short circuit tests are the tests carried out on a transformer
to find the transformer’s parameters.

• Re1,Total Resistance referred to Primary

• Xe1, Total Reactance referred to Primary

• Xm, Magnetizing Reactance

• Rc, Core Loss Resistance and

• K, Transformer turn ratio.

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 Open Circuit Test
• In the open circuit test the high voltage side of the transformer is open circuited
and normal rated voltage (V1) is applied to the low voltage side . the wattmeter
measures the no load power (core loss) and the Ammeter measures the no load
current.

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Open Circuit Test

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 Short Circuit Test
• In short circuit test the low voltage side is short circuited and a small
voltage is applied to the high voltage side ( the voltage that will
produce rated current in the transformer).

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Short Circuit Test

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 EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFOMER
• Efficiency is the ratio of Output Power to Input Power.

• The loses in a transformer are the copper loss and core loss.

• x 100%
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EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFOMER

• If the transformer quantities available

are that of the secondary, the efficiency
is given by:

V2I2 cos2
 x 100%
V2I2 cos2  I2 Re2 Wi
2

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 VOLTAGE REGULATION OF A TRANSFORMER
• It is the variation of the output voltage (V2) of the transformer between
no load and full load conditions.
No load voltage - full load voltage
Voltage Re gulation 
No load voltage
oV2 V2

oV2

• Since the voltage drop in the primary winding due to no load current 
is negligible we have:
N1
V1
N2
 V2 V1  V 2
N1 N2
V o l ta g e R e g u l a t io n 
N2   100%
V1 V1
N1

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 WORKED EXAMPLES

• The maximum flux density in the core of a 250/3000V, 50Hz single

phase transformer is 1.2Wb/m2. If the primary number of turns is 375.
Determine:

(i)Secondary no. of turns.

(ii)EMF per turn and

(iii) Cross sectional Area of the core.

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WORKED EXAMPLES

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 WORKED EXAMPLES

• EXAMPLE 2.2

• The following figures were obtained from tests on a certain

transformer:

• OC TEST: Wo = 350W Io = 0.5A V1 = 3000V

• SC TEST: Wi = 500W I1 = 10A Vsc = 150V

• Calculate the parameters of the transformer

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WORKED EXAMPLES

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•EXERCISE II
EXERCISE II
EXERCISE II
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