Unit – III AC Circuits

• Transformers: Principle of operation and

construction of Single Phase Transformer,
Introduction to DC Motor - 4 Lectures

• Electronics Devices and Circuits: Junction

Diode, Applications: rectifiers, Clipping and
Clamping Circuits, LEDs - 2 Lectures
 Transformers
• Transformer is a static machine which operates
on AC and transforms voltage / current (step up/
down) from primary to secondary winding while
keeping the frequency and power unchanged.
• The two windings of the transformer are
electrically isolated but magnetically coupled.
• Hence, The transfer of electrical energy from one
winding to another is through magnetic coupling.
 Transformers: Principle of operation
• A Transformer operates on the principle of
Electromagnetic induction
• The Magnetic flux setup by the flow of AC current
in one winding is linked with another winding. This
magnetic flux is sinusoidally varying.
• This sinusoidally varying magnetic field induces a
sinusoidally varying emf in the second winding.
The magnitude of this induced emf depends on
the number of turns in secondary winding.
• V = √2*πfNφmax; where N is no. of turns of coil
Transformers: Principle of operation
• The winding which is connected with the AC
supply is known as Primary winding and the
winding connected with the load is known as
secondary winding.
• If N1 and N2 are the number of turns in
primary and secondary winding. If V1 and I1
are the voltage and current in primary winding
and V2 and I2 are in secondary winding
respectively then V1/V2 = N1/N2 = I2/I1
• Such that power is same V1I1 = V2I2
 Construction of single phase Transformer
• Core – For magnetic coupling
between 2 coils
(a) Iron core – For 50 Hz frequency
(i) Core type – Rectangular shape;
windings are placed on opposite
side limbs
(ii) Shell type – E shape; windings
are placed on the mid limb
(b) Air core – For High frequency
operation
• Windings – Usually of copper
Understanding single phase Transformer
 Concept of Ideal Transformer
An Ideal Transformer is a transformer with
following assumptions to real transformer:
1. The Transformer windings are resistanceless
2. There are no core (iron) losses
3. There is no leakage flux
4. No magnetizing current to setup the flux. It is
assumed that the transformer core material
has infinite permeability.
It is basically an ideal transformer what we had
studied in previous class (V1/V2 = N1/N2 = I2/I1)
Ideal Transformer to Real Transformer
• In order to study a real transformer, we need to consider for
each assumption one by one:
1. Consider the resistances of both the windings (R1 and R2)
2. Since there are some core losses. Hence, we consider a
fictious resistance Ro to account for it.
3. Since there are some leakage fluxes to both the windings
(which is associated with one of the windings but not
associated with other). We consider two inductances X1
and X2 to account for it.
4. Since the core does not have infinite permeability. Hence,
Some magnetizing current will be needed to set up the flux
in the core. To consider it we take an inductance Xo.
Ideal Transformer to Real Transformer
• Connection of R1, R2, X1 and X2
• The ohmic loss in both the windings is
proportional to current (square). Hence, the
winding resistances R1 and R2 will be
connected in series of primary and secondary
winding currents respectively.
• Similarly, the leakage flux is also proportional
to the winding current. Hence, X1 and X2 will
also be connected in series of primary and
secondary winding currents respectively.
Ideal Transformer to Real Transformer
• Connection of Ro and Xo
• It has been observed that the Core loss
(comprising of eddy current loss and hysteresis
loss) is proportional to the applied voltage.
Hence, Ro is connected in parallel to the applied
voltage.
• Similarly, the magnetizing current also depends
on the applied voltage. Hence, Xo is also
connected in parallel to the applied voltage.
Ideal Transformer to Real Transformer
• Equivalent Resistance and Leakage Reactance by
transferring for both the windings on one side
• Since (V1/V2 = N1/N2 = I2/I1) and Z1 = V1/I1
• Hence, Z1/Z2 = (N1/N2)*2 = a*2; where a = N1/N2
i.e. turns ratio of the transformer
• It means Z2 referred to primary side is Z2΄ = Z2*a^2
• Hence, Equivalent Impedance of both the
windings referred to primary side is Zeq1 = Z1 + Z2΄
Equivalent circuit of Ideal Transformer
Phasor Diagram of Ideal Transformer
Components of Magnetizing Current
Circuit model and phasor diagram for Magnetizing
Current and core loss
Complete circuit model of Transformer
 Open Circuit Test and Short Circuit Test
• Open Circuit test is performed to find out Total iron
losses and parallel branch parameters whereas Short
circuit test is performed to find out Total full load
Copper losses and series branch parameters.
• OC Test is performed by applying Rated voltage on LV
side whereas SC Test is performed by applying Rated
current on HV side.
• Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are connected
after the autotransformer (for getting Rated Voltage/
current) and voltage, current and power ratings are
obtained for both the cases.
Circuit Diagram and circuit model for Open
Circuit Test Open Circuit Test:
•Rated voltage is
applied at LV side
(as higher current on
LV side for same
power); HV side is
open circuited
•Ro and Xo are found
out using the
readings of OC Test
Circuit Diagram and circuit model for Short Circuit Test
Here a very low voltage
(just of the range of 5-8%
of the Rated voltage) is
sufficient to produce the
Rated current at the HV
side since LV side is short
circuited.

Here, Zeq = R + jX
So, X = √(Zeq^2 – R^2)
Also, Zeq = Vsc/ Isc
And, R = W / Isc^2

Where W, Vsc and Isc are

the Wattmeter, Voltmeter
and Ammeter readings
respectively.
 Transformer Efficiency (η)
• Efficiency is defined as output power / input power
• If θ2 is the power factor angle of the load then,
Voltage Regulation for Transformer
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
 Introduction to DC Motor
• DC motor works on DC
• It has two windings namely Armature and Field
winding.
• Field winding is placed on Stator (stationary
periphery) whereas Armature winding is placed
on Rotor (which rotates)
• DC motor must have commutator segment and
brushes by which DC supply will get connected
with armature winding placed on rotor.
 Introduction to DC Motor
• DC motor and generator are basically the same machine.
• When a coil is rotated in a stationary magnetic field then
AC voltage is induced in it. Hence, In different coils AC
voltage of same peak but with phase difference gets
induced.
• By the use of commutator segment and brushes the coil
with maximum voltage gets connected with the outer
circuit. As the generator/motor rotates another coil gets
connected to outer circuit which now has maximum
induced emf. In this way constant DC is obtained in the
outer circuit.
Introduction to DC Motor
 Introduction to DC Motor
• Induced emf e = φZNP/60A = φZwP/2πA
• Where, φ is flux per pole of field winding
• Z = total number of conducters in Armature
winding
• N = speed of rotor in RPM
• P = Total no. of poles of field winding
• A = Total no. of parallel paths (A = P; for LAP
winding and A = 2; for WAVE winding)
 Introduction to DC Motor
• Torque T = φZIaP/2πA
• Where, φ is flux per pole of field winding
• Z = total number of conductors in Armature
winding
• Ia = Current in Armature winding
• P = Total no. of poles of field winding
• A = Total no. of parallel paths (A = P; for LAP
winding and A = 2; for WAVE winding)
 Types of DC Motor
Based on the connection of field winding and Armature
winding DC motors are of 4 types:
1. Separately excited or Permanent Magnet DC Motor
(simple and cheap. For low power applications)
2. DC Series Motor (Both the windings are connected in
series. Infinitely high starting torque. Used for Traction
applications)
3. DC Shunt Motor (Both the windings are connected in
parallel. For industrial applications)
4. DC Compound Motor (Both windings are divided in 2
parts such as one part is connected in series and
another in parallel)