Experiment No:02

Determination of Transformer Equivalent Circuit

parameters of a Single-phase Transformer
Introduction
• For the performance analysis of
a transformer, a circuit model is
needed and it should include:
core losses, winding losses,
magnetizing current and all
leakage magnetic fluxes.
Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of a transformer
• It can be shown that the
equivalent circuit in Fig. 1 fully
represents all these effects.
Introduction
• The resistance Rp represents the
ohmic resistance of the primary
winding and Rs of the secondary
winding.
• The reactance Xp and Xs model the
leakage flux of the primary and
secondary windings, respectively.
• The resistance Rc is responsible
forthe core losses due to hysteresis Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of a transformer
and eddy currents, and
• Xm for the generation of the main
flux (magnetising reactance).
Introduction

Fig. 2. The transformer model referred to the primary voltage level

• a= turns ratio
• Req=Rp+𝑎2 Rs=total ohmic resistance with respect to primary
• Xeq=Xp+𝑎2 Xs=total leakage reactance with respect to primary
Introduction
• The above parameters can be easily determined by two tests
- Open circuit test (O.C test / No load test)
- Short circuit test (S.C test/Impedance test)
• These tests are economical and convenient
• These tests furnish the result without actually loading the
transformer
Open-circuit Test
• In Open Circuit Test the transformer’s secondary winding is open-
circuited, and its primary winding is connected to a full-rated line
voltage.
• Usually conducted on H.V side
• To find
(i) No load loss or core loss
(ii) No load current Io which is helpful in finding Rc and Xm
Short-circuit Test
• In Short Circuit Test the secondary terminals are short circuited, and the
primary terminals are connected to a fairly low-voltage source
• The input voltage is adjusted until the current in the short circuited
windings is equal to its rated value. The input voltage, current and
power is measured.
• Usually conducted on L.V side
• To find
(i) Full load copper loss – to pre determine the efficiency
(ii) Req and Xeq to predetermine the voltage regulation
Finding Req and Xeq
• For the determination of the ohomic resistance (Req) and leakage
reactance (Xeq), first we have to determine the power factor of open
circuit condition and it is done by using equation (3)
𝑃𝑠
𝑃𝐹 = (3)
𝑉𝑠∗𝐼𝑠
where, Ps= wattmeter reading, Vs= voltmeter reading, Is= Ammeter
reading.
After that, we have to calculate impedance by using following equation
𝑉𝑠
𝑍= ∠ cos −1 𝑃𝐹 (4)
𝐼𝑠
=Req+jXeq
Required Apparatus
• Single-phase transformer(220V/ 110V)
• Variable AC source (Variac)
• Two Digital multimeters
• Analog/ Digital AC wattmeters
Circuit Diagram

Fig. 3 Connection for transformer open–circuit test.

Circuit Diagram

Fig. 4 Connection for transformer short–circuit test.

Procedure
Open Circuit Test
Connect the apparatus as shown in Figure 3. Apply the rated input
voltage to the primary winding and measure input voltage, current,
power, and output voltage.
 Starting from Vo =100V turn the variac knob and slowly increase the
input voltage. Complete all the data in Table 1.
Determine the parameters of the magnetising branch using
Equations (1) to (2).
Procedure

• Short-circuit the secondary winding through an ammeter as shown in

Figure 4.
• Slowly and gradually increase the applied voltage and carefully watch
the primary and secondary currents. Measurements and calculations
ratio should be done for short circuit current values specified in Table
2.
• Calculate the short circuit impedance as measured from the primary
using Equations (3) to (4).
• Complete all the measurements and calculations in Table 2.
Data Table
Table 2. Transformer Short circuit test measurements and
calculations.
Ammeter Voltmeter Wattmeter 𝑷𝒔 𝑽𝒔 Req Xeq
pf= Zo= 𝑰𝒔 ∠ cos −1 𝑷𝒇
Reading (Is) Reading (Vs) Reading (Ps) 𝑽𝒔∗𝑰𝒔 (ohm) (ohm)
(V) (A) (W)
Discussion
Questions
• What are the approximations of open circuit and short circuit tests?
• Why open circuit test is performed in the high-tension side whereas
short circuit test is performed in the low-tension side?