Contents

Abstract ........................................................................... 3
Introduction: .................................................................... 3
Object: ............................................................................. 5
Experiment tools .............................................................. 5
Procedure open circuit test: ............................................ 5
Procedure short circuit test : ........................................... 6
Calculations ..................................................................... 6
Conclusion ....................................................................... 7
 Abstract
This experiment investigates the use of open and short circuit tests for determining the
electrical parameters of the transformer ( approximate equivalent circuit of a
transformer) so that, we can calculate the values of components of the of that model like
(Rc, Xc, Req, Xeq, Rs,Xs).the equivalent circuit model of a single-phase transformer, with
a specific focus on the primary side. By eliminating the influence of external load, these
tests enable efficient characterization without full-load operation.

Introduction:
Transformers are vital components in power systems, enabling efficient voltage conversion and
power transmission. Understanding their internal behavior and performance under different
load conditions is crucial for optimal utilization. This lab report details the investigation of a
transformer's equivalent circuit constants and load characteristics through open and short
circuit tests.

The experiment aims to achieve two primary objectives:

1. Determine the equivalent circuit constants: By performing open and short circuit tests, we aim to
calculate the leakage inductance (X_L), core resistance (R_c), magnetizing inductance (X_m),
and excitation current (I_e) of the transformer. These parameters define its internal electrical
response and predict its behavior under varied loads.

2. Investigate the load characteristic: Applying various load currents and recording the
corresponding output voltage, current, and power, we will generate curves depicting the voltage
regulation, efficiency, and copper loss of the transformer. Analyzing these curves reveals how
the transformer's performance changes with load demands, guiding its optimal utilization in
practical applications.

3. Materials and Methods:

3.1 Open Circuit Test:

1. One side of the transformer was left open.

2. The remaining terminal was connected to the Variac through an ammeter as shown in fig(1).

3. The Variac voltage was gradually increased, and no-load (open circuit) voltage (V_OC), current
(I_OC), and power (P_OC) were recorded at selected steps.

4. Determining the component in fig 2.

Figure 1: open circuit test

 3.2 Short Circuit Test:
1. The open terminal from the open circuit test was shorted.

2. An ammeter was connected across the remaining terminals and the Variac.

3. The Variac voltage was slowly increased until the short-circuit current (I_SC) reached the
transformer's rated current.

4. The short-circuit voltage (V_SC) and power (P_SC) were recorded at this point.

Figure 2: short circuit test

4. Data Analysis:

4.1 Equivalent Circuit Constants:

5.1 approximate equivlant circuit

Figure 3:exact equivlant circuit referred to primary

Figure 4: approximate equivlant circuit

 Figure 5: approximate equivlant circuit

Analyze and interpret the calculated values of X_L, R_c, X_m, and I_e. Discuss their
significance in terms of the transformer's internal behavior and relate them to theoretical
models.

Object:
To determine:
a)The equivalent six parameters.

Experiment tools

The experiment employed the following equipment:

• Transformer under test

• Variable transformer (Variac)

• Ammeters and voltmeters

• Wattmeter

• Connecting wires and switches

Procedures open circuit test:

1- Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1.

2- Increase in steps from zero to the rated of the transformer, and take reading of and for each
value of

3- Plot curves for and against .

4- Calculate the value of and of the equivalent circuit at rated voltage.

5- Determine the value of the transformer turns ratio and the transformer iron losses.
 Procedure short circuit test :
1- Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2.

2- Increase in steps from zero to the value which gives full load current in both windings, and
take reading of and for each value of

3- Plot the relations between and as a function .

4- Calculate the value of and and the value of transformer copper losses at full load current.

5- Using the results of the open circuit and the short circuit tests, draw the equivalent circuit of
the transformer.

Calculations

Np=360 turns Ns=205 turns

Vp=220v VS=110v
Ip=0.68 A Is=1.36A

V Ip Pin CONNECTON
TYPE
220V 0.155A 14 W O.C.T
5.9V 0.99A 3.9W S.C.T

For O.C.T

𝒀 < − Ꝋ=G-Jβ = 0.288-0.643j

For S.C.T

𝒁 < Ꝋ=Req+JXeq=3.99+2.429j Ω

a=

Rs=
Rs=

Conclusion
In Conclusion, The performed open and short circuit tests successfully
determined the electrical parameters and equivalent circuit model of the single-phase
transformer, with a specific focus on the primary side.

With Key findings of Equivalent circuit parameters, Measured values of Rp, Xp,
Rs, and Xs were consistent with expectations and data sheets, validating the chosen
equivalent circuit model. Overall, the open and short circuit tests provided a valuable
and efficient means to characterize the transformer's primary side parameters and
develop a reliable equivalent circuit model. This knowledge is crucial for optimizing
transformer performance, predicting behavior under varied loads, and ensuring
successful integration within electrical systems.

Discussion's answers
Ans(1): well we notice that the values of REq (S or P) and XEq (S or P) aren’t normal, as
REq is the resistance of copper , which is a very small number (i.e. close to zero).
And value of XEq is mostly larger than value of REq in real transformer, unlike the values
we obtained in the lab.
Ans(2): The P.f is close to unity and it’s not reasonable, but in the lab machine as mentioned
in Ans(1) that REq is larger than XEq in the lab, as P.F= REq / |Z|, and REq is almost equal
to impedance (Z) in the lab transformer, that’s why the input power factor (P.Fin) is close to
unity.

-Ans(3): in ideal transformer we know that 𝑅𝑒𝑞−𝑝 = 𝑅𝑝 + 𝑎 2𝑅𝑠 or 𝑅𝑒𝑞−𝑠 = 𝑅𝑠 + 𝑅𝑝 𝑎2

And RP=𝑎 2𝑅𝑠 ,the reason we use this equation also in real life transformers is simplify the
calculations. 10.4- Ans(4): Similarly to the argument above in Ans(3), but replacing the
resistances with reactances like that. 𝑋𝑒𝑞−𝑝 = 𝑋𝑝 + 𝑎 2𝑋𝑠 or 𝑋𝑒𝑞−𝑠 = 𝑋𝑠 + 𝑋𝑝 𝑎2 10.5-
Ans(5): As no curve is drawn not comment can be written. 10.6- Ans(6): Because in Low
Voltage (LV) side we have a higher range for voltage until the HV reaches rated current unlike
the HV side ,a small voltage is enough to cause a rated current in the LV, so the range is pretty
small. 10.7- Ans(7): So we can determine the amount of loss of energy in the transformer and
based on that we can calculate it’s efficiency and whether it’s beneficial to use it or not.