AIR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 8

Lab Title: Voltage regulation and efficiency of PI model transmission line.

Student Name: Muhammad Awais Badar,Anss Arshad

RollNo:190469,190427

Objective: To understand line constants and study importance of efficiency andregulation.

And the study of voltage drops and power losses in transmission lines. And finally toanalyze
transmission line parameters

LAB ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory

Attributes
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Ability to Conduct
Experiment
Ability to assimilate the
results
Effective use of lab
equipment and follows
the lab safety rules

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory

Attributes (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Data presentation

Experimental results

Conclusion

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

Date: Signature:
 EXPERIMENT NO 08
VOLTAGE REGULATION AND EFFICIENCY OF PI MODEL TRANSMISSION LINE

Objectives
To understand line constants
To study importance of efficiency and regulation
To study power losses in transmission lines
To analyze transmission line parameters

Introduction:
A transmission line, which delivers electric power, dissipates heat because of the
resistance of the conductors. It acts, therefore, as a resistance which, in some
cases, is many miles long. The transmission line also behaves like an inductance
because each conductor is surrounded by a magnetic field which also stretches
the full length of the line. Finally, the transmission line behaves like a capacitor
with the conductors acting more or less like widely-separated plates. We can
picture a transmission line as being made up of thousands of elementary
resistors, inductors and capacitors as shown in the figure below:

In high-frequency work, this is precisely the circuit which has to be used to explain
the behavior of a transmission line. Fortunately, at low frequencies of 50 Hz or 60
Hz, we can simplify most lines by lumping the impedances together. Two
commonly used transmission line models are the Pi-model and the T-model.
These models are shown in the figure below:

This pi model method of modeling a medium transmission line is to assume the

series impedance of the line to be lumped at one point and assuming the
capacitance 'C' of the shunt branch to be distributed equally in two parts, one
each at either end of the transmission line containing series impedance,
consisting of resistance 'R' and series reactance 'XL to be placed in between
these two split parts.

Total capacitance 'C' of the line is now divided into two parts with C/2 value in
each branch. Now the model assumes the shape of the letter 'π' so this model is
called nominal π network of a medium transmission line. Total capacitance is 'C'
which is divided into C/2 and C/2.

Receiving end current IR depends on load. Effect of capacitance is relatively less

than inductance and IR≠I, where 'I' is the current flowing through series branch
impedance. Results obtained from π model are approximately same as obtained
from T model. In the nominal pi model, the inductance from which the inductive
reactance is calculated is equal to the sum of the inductances in the distributed
equivalent circuit, and the same is true for the resistance R. The capacitance from
which the capacitive reactance is calculated is equal to one half the sum of the
capacitors in the distributed equivalent circuit.
Circuit Diagram:

Phasor Diagram:

In the phasor diagram the quantities shown are as follows;

OA = Vr – receiving end voltage. It is taken as reference phasor.

OB = Ir – load current lagging Vr by an angle ∅r.
BE = Iab – current in receiving-end capacitance. It leads Vr by 90°.
The line current I is the phasor sum of Ir and Iab. It is shown by OE in the diagram.
AC = IR – voltage drop in the resistance of the line. It is parallel to I.
CD = IX -inductive voltage drop in the line. It is perpendicular to I.
AD = IZ – voltage drop in the line impedance.
OD = Vs – sending–end voltage to neutral. It is phasor sum of Vr and IZ.
The current taken by the capacitance at the sending end is Icd. It leads the
sending–end voltage Vs by 90
OF = Is – the sending–end current. It is the phasor sum of I and Icd.
∅s – phase angle between Vs and Is at the sending end, and cos∅s will give the
sending-end power factor.

Based on diagram given and theory knowledge, derive the equations of

parameters of transmission line i.e., ABCD parameters.
Pre-Lab:
Simulink major blocks to be used are shown in block diagram description below

Some additional blocks would be needed such as sum, subtract, RMS, demux,
product, divide, display etc.

Lab task 1:
Create a Simulink model based on stated problem for measuring following
parameters of a short transmission line.

1. Sending and receiving end voltages and currents.

2. Sending and receiving end powers (Active, Reactive and Apparent powers).
3. Voltage regulation of transmission line.
4. Efficiency of transmission line.

Use displays to display each measurement in your model.

Problem statement:
A 230-kV, three-phase transmission line has a per phase series impedance of z =
0.05 + j0.45 Ω per Km and a per phase shunt admittance of y = j3.4 × 10−6
siemens per km. The line is 80 km long. Using the nominal π model, determine
The sending end voltage and current,
Voltage regulation
The sending end powers
Transmission efficiency
when the line delivers 306 MW, unity power factor at 220Kv.
Calculations:
Attach Your Simulink Model Displaying Measurements
Compare your calculated values with measured values achieved from Simulation
and state the discrepancy if any.

Measured and Calculated Values:

Parameter Calculated Measured Difference

Value Value /Error
Sending end voltage 1.528e+05 1.328e+05 0.228
Vs RMS 1.328e+05 1.328e+05 0
Receiving end voltage 1.47e+05 1.27e+05 2.27
Vr RMS 1.27e05 1.27e05 1.27
Ps 6.137e+08 3.137e+08 3.137
Pr 4.578e+07 5.578e+07 1.578
Qs 5.578e+07 5.578e+07 0
Qr -8.063e-09 -9.004e-06 -1.004e-03
Ss 3.187e+08 3.187e+08 3.187
Sr 3.06e+08 3.06e+08 3.06e
VR% 5.093% 4.543% 1.55%
Line efficiency 98.05% 97.54% 0.51%

Lab Task 2:
Repeat task 1 with all other parameters remaining same while load changes to

200 MVA, 0.8 lagging power factor at 220 kV.

For this case we repeated Task 1 for leading power factor and the resultant

all values remained the same

 Conclusion:
In regards to the following lab, the line voltage drop in the transmission line is mainly
due to the transmission line parameters resistance, inductance, capacitance, and shunt
conductance. These parameters offer impedance to the flow of current and voltage drops
throughout the length of the transmission line... The half of the line resistance and
reactance is assumed at either side of the shunt capacitance and due to such modeling
of line, capacitive charging current is flowing through half of the transmission line.
Meanwhile in nominal π method, the shunt capacitance of each line that is phase to
neutral is divided into two equal parts. One part is lumped at the sending end while the
other is lumped at receiving end. Conclusively by the experiment as by increasing power
factor voltage regulation as well as efficiency is increased.