Power Transmission

EEE381

Lab # 04

Name Arslan Shabeer

Registration
Number FA20-BEE-033

Subject Power Transmission

Instructor’s Name Ma’am Shafia Hussain

Lab # 4: Performance analysis of Long transmission
line with and without load
Objectives
 Measurement of the voltage increase of Long transmission lines with and without load.
 Explanation of the concept of operating capacitance.
 Different performance characteristics.
Pre-lab:

A power transmission line with its effective length of around 250 Kms or above is referred to as
a long transmission line. The line constants are uniformly distributed over the entire length of
line. Calculations related to circuit parameters (ABCD parameters) of such a power transmission
is not that simple, as was the case for a short transmission line or medium transmission line. The
reason being that, the effective circuit length in this case is much higher than what it was for the
former models (long and medium line) and, thus ruling out the approximations considered there
like.

1. Ignoring the shunt admittance of the network, like in a small transmission line model.
2. Considering the circuit impedance and admittance to be lumped and concentrated at a
point as was the case for the medium line model.
Rather, for all practical reasons, we should consider the circuit impedance and admittance being
distributed over the entire circuit length as shown in the figure below. The calculations of circuit
parameters, for this reason, are going to be slightly more rigorous as we will see here. For
accurate modelling to determine circuit parameters let us consider the circuit of the long
transmission line as shown in the diagram below.

Therefore, the voltage drop across the infinitely small element Δx is given by

Now to determine the current ΔI, we apply KCL to node A.

Since the term ΔV yΔx is the product of 2 infinitely small values, we can ignore it for the sake of
easier calculation.

Therefore, we can write

Now derivating both sides of eq (1) w.r.t x,
Now substituting from equation (2)

The solution of the above second order differential equation is given by.

Derivating equation (4) w.r.to x.

Now comparing equation (1) with equation (5)

Now to go further let us define the characteristic impedance Zc and propagation constant δ of a
long transmission line as

Then the voltage and current equation can be expressed in terms of characteristic impedance and
propagation constant as

Now at x=0, V= VR and I= Ir. Substituting these conditions to equation (7) and (8) respectively.

Solving equation (9) and (10),

We get values of A1 and A2 as,
Now applying another extreme condition at x = l, we have V = VS and I = IS.
Now to determine VS and IS we substitute x by l and put the values of A1 and
A2 in equation (7) and (8) we get

By trigonometric and exponential operators we know

Therefore, equation (11) and (12) can be re-written as

Thus comparing with the general circuit parameters equation, we get the ABCD parameters of a
long transmission line as,
In lab:First connect the power supply module to transmission line model, connect each line to
theother side. Then connect the primary windings in delta and the secondary windings in Star
connection. For long transmission line connect the middle paths of the three paths provided as
shown in figure below. The upper path is for short transmission, lowest path for medium
transmission line and middle path for long transmission line. Place short links on the line to neutral
capacitances, also include the capacitance effect in between the lines. Connect two voltmeter’s one
at the end and one in the middle. Connect Power meter to measure the reactive power of the line.

Transmission line model with length of 360 km

Practical Results Table
Length U 1 (V) U 2 (V) U 2/U 1 Qc (Var)

360Km 400V 428V 1.07 69.5Var

To demonstrate the concept of operating capacitance effect assemble the following circuit
 Set
the

voltage at the three-phase transformer to the value U N −10 % ; remove all bridging plugs
connecting the capacitances to the transmission line model.

Take the follwing measurements

Length U 1 (V) U 2 (V) U 2/U 1 Qc (Var)

360Km 410V 432V 1.05 88.5Var

With Load:Connect the resistive load as shown in the below figure and now set the voltage of the
three-phase transformer to the value U N −5 % .
Reduce the resistive load beginning from 100% in uniform steps of 10% and write down the
measured values in the given table.

Note: At lower values of resistance the measurements have to be carried out rapidly so that the
experiment components are only briefly exposed to high currents.

Post Lab:

CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion

. In this lab I perform the Long transmission line system experiment. First of all i check the
behaviour of system using no load and no capacitor and note down the results from my trainer
using DMM and trainer meter. In this circuit my second voltage U2 was higher then the first
voltage U1. And apparent power was also 69Var. After that i used the capacitor and check that
the voltages are increasing by using the capacitor because capacitor increases the voltage. And
while using capacitor U2 was greater then U1. And aslo apparent power was higher then the
first case. And to calculate the calculation I used the parameters ABCD. By using these
parameters we can calculate the exact values of Long transmission system. Calculations related
to circuit parameters (ABCD parameters) of such a power transmission is not that simple, as
was the case for a short transmission line or medium transmission line. After that finally in third
step I used the both capacitor and Load. And by using both capacitor and Load I check the
behaviour of system and note the readings of circuit in my given table. I check that by using
400V as a input voltage we will have different responses of our system.

Lab Assessment

Pre Lab /1

In Lab /5

/10

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments