AIR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 7

Lab Title: Efficiency and voltage regulation of short transmission line

Student Name: Anss Arshad Reg. No: 190427

Student Name: Muhammad Awais Badar Reg. No: 190469

Objective:
❖ To study efficiency and voltage regulation of short transmission line.

LAB ASSESSMENT:
Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Attributes
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Ability to Conduct
Experiment
Ability to assimilate
the results
Effective use of lab
equipment and
follows the lab safety
rules

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Attributes
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Data presentation

Experimental results

Conclusion
Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

Date: Signature:
EXPERIMENT NO 07

EFFICIENCY AND VOLTAGE REGULATION OF SHORT TRANSMISSION

LINES Objective:
To understand line constants.
To study importance of efficiency and regulation.
To study voltage drops and power losses in transmission lines To analyze transmission line
parameters.

Tools:
Simulink

Introduction:
Transmission lines play a vital role in a power system as transmission lines have to bear high
voltages and power levels and they have to carry voltage, current and power to the ultimate
consumer or to substations. A transmission system must be capable of supplying power required
by the substations and the power system in general. It must not fail the requirements of regulating
the voltage between sending and receiving end. It should have a high efficiency so that the power
levels don't dip during transmission, otherwise loss of power causes undesirable consequences to
the ultimate user. For regulation of voltages and to require high efficiency it I important to have
an insight into the operation and types of transmission lines as they are the most important
element in a transmission system. To accomplish this feat, we need to calculate certain design
parameters before implementation of a transmission system for a particular area. These
parameters also include testing of the line to see whether it fulfills desired standards like required
efficiency and voltage regulation. A transmission line is modelled based on its Resistance (R),
Inductive reactance of series branch (XL), Capacitance of shunt branch (C) and Conductance in
parallel (G). 'Z' is total series impedance of the line and is equal to R+jXL. According to the
distance to which transmission lines serve their purpose, they can be classified into three types:

(i) Short Transmission Lines (ii)

Medium Transmission Lines
(iii)Long Transmission Line
A short transmission line is defined as a transmission line with an effective length less than 80
km (50 miles), or with a voltage less than 69 kV. Unlike medium transmission lines and long
transmission lines, the line charging current is negligible, and hence the shunt capacitance can be
ignored. We prefer per phase analysis of the power system because all values are in phase in this
system and two conductors are used. So single phase analysis is preferred. After analysis, we
assume that a three-phase model carries three times more power as a singlephase system. For
short transmission line, we ignore shunt capacitance while doing its analysis. Resistance and
reactance of the line are assumed to be concentrated at only one point. The main problem is to
find the voltages to be sent from supply (or sending) side (i.e., ES) to get desired value of
voltages (ER) at receiving end. For doing this, first of all we have to decide the nature of load
first because regulation, efficiency and power factor of the transmission line can be changed
before it is installed in a power system. Secondly, circuit diagram of the transmission line model
is converted into vector form in which vector of voltage drop across the resistance should be in
phase with the current passing through the line whereas vector of voltage drop across series
reactance should be in quadrature with current.

Figure ( I) represents a 3-phase short transmission line if R and X represent the resistance and
inductive reactance to neutral, I is the current in one conductor, VR is the receiving-end voltage
to neutral, VS is the sending-end voltage to neutral, and the load is that in one phase; the voltage
drop found in this way is the drop between a phase and neutral. Taking receiving end current as
reference, the phasor representation of system parameters is as follows

Based on phasor diagram given and theory knowledge, derive the equations of performance
parameters of transmission line e.g., sending end voltage, sending end phase angle, sending end
power factor, percentage voltage regulation, and transmission line efficiency etc.
Pre-Lab:
Simulink major blocks to be used are shown in block diagram description below

Some additional blocks would be needed such as sum, subtract, RMS, demux, product, divide,
display etc.

Lab task 1:
Create a Simulink model based on stated problem for measuring following parameters of a short
transmission line.

1. Sending and receiving end voltages and currents.

2. Sending and receiving end powers (Active, Reactive and Apparent powers).
3. Voltage regulation of transmission line.
4. Efficiency of transmission line.
Use displays to display each measurement in your model.

Problem statement:
A 220V, 60Hz, three phase transmission line is 40Km long. The resistance per phase is 0.15
Ohm per Km. The shunt Capacitance is negligible. Use the short line model to find the above
stated parameters when the line is supplying a 3phase load of 381MVA at 0.8 PF lagging at
220KV.

Attach Your Simulink Model Displaying Measurements

Compare your calculated values with measured values achieved from Simulation and state the
discrepancy if any.
Measured and Calculated Values:
Parameter Calculated Measured Value Difference /Error
Value

Sending end voltage Vs 96kV 96kV 0

RMS

Receiving end voltage 12.5V 12.5V 0

Vr RMS

Ps 394MW 394MW 0

Pr 140kW 140kW 0

Qs 120Mvar 131MVar 11

Qr 100kVar 102kVar 2

Ss 1250MVA 1370MVA 120

Sr 130kVA 140kVA 10

VR% 100kV 76kV 24

Line efficiency 0.04 0.0355 0.01

Lab Task 2:
Repeat Task 1 for leading power factor. All values remain same. Simulation
Parameter Calculated Measured Value Difference /Error
Value

Sending end voltage 127kV 127kV 0

Vs RMS

Receiving end voltage 132kV 132kV 0

Vr RMS

Ps 351MW 351MW 0

Pr 332MW 332MW 0

Qs -170MVar -179MVar 9

Qr 240MVar -244MVar 4

Ss 390MVA 394MVA 4

Sr 330MVA 333MVA 3

VR% -5 -4.5 0.5

Line efficiency 92 94.5 2.5

Lab Task 3:
EXAMPLE 10.2 from V.K.Mehta book.

(Note: Attach both calculated and simulation results similar as task 1.)

Parameter Calculated Measured Value Difference /Error

Value

Sending end voltage 127kV 127kV 0

Vs RMS

Receiving end voltage 132kV 132kV 0

Vr RMS

Ps 351MW 351MW 0

Pr 332MW 332MW 0

Qs -170MVar -179MVar 9

Qr 240MVar -244MVar 4

Ss 390MVA 394MVA 4

Sr 330MVA 333MVA 3

VR% -5 -4.5 0.5

Line efficiency 92 94.5 2.5

Review Question

If same analysis is to be done for single phase line, what are your observations in comparison to a
similar three phase line.
In the single phase system, the Voltage regulation will be greater, the line efficiency will be low.
And the power transfer will also be low
Conclusion:

This lab was all about the parameters involved in the short line transmission line, which are voltage
regulation, efficiency, power transfer. We observe from our simulation that the voltage regulation
and efficiency changes with the changing the load type. If the load is capacitance, then the voltage
regulation will be negative and load side voltage will be greater than the source end voltages. An
ideal transmission line has 100% efficiency (i.e. zero losses) which is not possible practically. -x100.
-x100. It is defined as the rise in voltage at the receiving end expressed as percentage of full load
voltage, when full load at a specified power factor is thrown off.