ASSIGNMENT#2,3

Power Systems Protection

Submitted to:
Mr. Tassawar Kazmi
Submitted by:
Muhammad Zeeshan
Registration Number:
244588

Task of Assignment:
  Fault locations: At the distances of 16% of the line length from both line terminals and middle
of the line.

 LLG fault at line 3.

The single line diagram on PWS is shown below:

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The load flow analysis is shown below:

Fault Study:

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B) Write all steps in completing PWS case file.

The steps are listed as below:

I consulted tutorials on Power worlds website for fault analysis and load flow analysis:

1. First download the latest version of PWS then open PWS and create a new case
file.
2. Go to edit mode then go to draw for drawing the single line diagram as given in
the assignment.
3. Place the buses first. Then place the generators, transformers and transmission
lines from draw dashboard.
4. Specify values of transformer, generator (R,X) as given in the assignment.
5. Specify R,X,G,B values of the transmission lines.
6. Simulating components according to the given power system.
7. Place the load and specify its MW and MVAR values.
8. Moving to RUN mode and solving the system via Gauss-Siedal Power flow
analysis.
9. Click the solve power flow button in left top corner to visualize the current flow.
10. Now clicking the Fault Analysis bar and placing the fault impedances (given) and
the fault location from the line length and middle of the line.

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Q. Give brief description about the importance and working of following
software’s:

i. PWS:

PowerWorld Simulator is an interactive power system simulation package designed to

simulate high voltage power system operation on a time frame ranging from several
minutes to several days. It is a very useful tool for Electrical Engineers who are studying
the working of power system operations. The software contains a highly effective power
flow analysis package capable of efficiently solving systems of up to 250,000 buses.

The package is extremely user friendly and highly interactive, including one-line
diagrams with animated flow, color contours, Geographic Information Systems (GIS),
Contingency Analysis, Area Generation Control (AGC), Automated Diagram Creation and
Modification Tools, support for panning and other features.

Many add-ons are also available with the simulator. These include:

 Available Transfer Capability (ATC)

 Distributed Computing

 Geomagnetically Induced Current (GIC)

 Integrated Topology Processing

 Optimal Power Flow Analysis Tool (OPF)

The package is only limited to transmission line simulation but also simulates OPF, and
hence is useful for simulating power market and internal education of power systems.

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An example of load flow analysis conducted on PWS is shown below:

-152 MW 154 MW
Bus 2 37 MVR -24 MVR Bus 1

104% 104% 1.00 pu

359 MW
179 MVR
1.00 pu
343 MW
-49 MVR
-57 MW 89 MW
150 MW AGC ON
18 MVR -24 MVR 100 MW
234 MVR AVR ON
58 MW -87 MW
-16 MVR 29 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 pu

179 MW
90 MVR
150 MW AGC ON
102 MVR AVR ON

ii. PSCAD:

PSCAD (Power Systems Computer Aided Design) is a powerful and flexible graphical
user interface to the world-renowned, EMTDC electromagnetic transient simulation
engine. PSCAD enables the user to schematically construct a circuit, run a simulation,
analyse the results, and manage the data in a completely integrated, graphical
environment. Online plotting functions, controls and meters are also included, enabling
the user to alter system parameters during a simulation run, and thereby view the effects
while the simulation is in progress.

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PSCAD comes complete with a library of pre-programmed and tested simulation
models, ranging from simple passive elements and control functions, to more complex
models, such as electric machines, full-on FACTS devices, transmission lines and cables.
If a required model does not exist, PSCAD provides avenues for building custom models.
For example, custom models may be constructed by piecing together existing models to
form a module, or by constructing rudimentary models from scratch in a flexible design
environment.

The following are some common models found in the PSCAD master library:

 Resistors, inductors, capacitors

 Mutually coupled windings, such as transformers

 Frequency dependent transmission lines and cables (including the most accurate
time domain line model in the world!)

 Current and voltage sources

 Switches and breakers

 Protection and relaying

 Diodes, thyristors and GTOs

 Analog and digital control functions

 AC and DC machines, exciters, governors, stabilizers and inertial models

 Meters and measuring functions

 Generic DC and AC controls

 HVDC, SVC, and other FACTS controllers

 Wind source, turbines and governors

iii. ATPDraw:

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ATPDraw is a graphical, mouse-driven preprocessor to the ATP version of the
Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) on the MS-Windows platform. In ATPDraw
the user can construct an electrical circuit using the mouse and selecting components
from menus, then ATPDraw generates the ATP input file in the appropriate format based
on "what you see is what you get". The simulation program ATP and plotting programs
can be integrated with ATPDraw.

It has the following features:

 Electromagnetic transients program

 Time-domain analysis or steady-state frequency scan
 Lightning studies
 Switching studies
 Harmonic analysis
 Insulation coordination
 Power electronics & HVDC
 Electrical machines
 Control systems
 Complex line- and cable parameters

Q. Describe the applicability of impedance protection and differential protection

schemes for transmission line from the data obtained in the previous steps.

In a three phase transmission line, if two lines are grounded simultaneously, it

constitutes LLG fault. According to the transmission line data, differential protection is
more suitable.

 Impedance Protection:
Impedance Protection of a transmission line is usually done by Distance Relay.
Distance protection relay is the name given to the protection, whose action
depends on the distance of the feeding point to the fault. The time of operation
of such protection is a function of the ratio of voltage and current, i.e.,
impedance. This impedance between the relay and the fault depends on the

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 electrical distance between them. The principal type of distance relays is
impedance relays, reactance relays, and the reactance relay.

Following are the list of faults covered by distance protection:

1. Line Faults – They are the Primary Side Phase to Phase & Phase to Earth Faults.

2. Secondary Side Faults: These Include, Broken Conductor and VT Fuse Fails.

3. Dead Line Charging: They are also called as SOTF (Switch On to Fault).

4. Abnormal System Condition: It covers the Power Swing.

Distance protection relay is widely spread employed for the protection of high-voltage
AC transmission line and distribution lines because of the following reasons:

1. It provides faster protection as compared to overcurrent relay.

2. It has a permanent setting without the need for readjustments.
3. Direct protection relay has less effect of an amount of generation and fault levels.
4. Their fault current magnitude permits the high line loading.

 Differential Protection:

Differential protection is based on the fact that any fault within an electrical
equipment would cause the current entering it, to be different from the current
leaving it.
Thus by comparing the two currents either in magnitude or in phase or both we
can determine a fault and issue a trip decision if the difference exceeds a
predetermined set value.
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The figure shows a short transmission line in which shunt charging can be neglected.
Then under no fault condition, phasor sum of currents entering the device is zero i.e. Is
+ Ir = 0

Thus, we can say that differential current under no fault condition is zero. However, in
case of fault in the line segment AB, we get: Is + Ir = If.

In case of transmission line, implementation of differential protection requires a

communication channel to transmit current values to the other end. It can be used for
short feeders and a specific implementation is known as pilot wire protection.
Differential protection tends to be extremely accurate. Its zone is clearly demarcated by
the CTs which provide the boundary.

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