ENGINEERING

PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
OTM-455
DR IQRA ASGHAR
FALL-2021
LECTURE 3 & 4

• Topics covered
• Organizational culture
• Framework of Organization culture
• Organizational behavior: Personality & Perception
• Organizational behavior: Individualism vs Collectivism
ORGANIZATION CULTURE

An Organization is a collection of people

working together in a coordinated and
structured fashion to achieve one or more
goals.
- Individual goals
- Organizational goals
ORGANIZATION CULTURE

Culture is the abstract, learned, shared

rules and standards for generating
behavior and understanding experience.
WHAT IS AN ORGANIZATION CULTURE ?

• Organizational culture is the collection of values, expectations, and

practices that guide and inform the actions of all team members.
• Think of it as the collection of traits that make your company what it is. 
• Culture is created through consistent and authentic behaviors, not
press releases or policy documents.
• The strategy, leadership style and ways of accomplishing tasks reflect
organization culture
TYPES OF AN ORGANIZATION CULTURE

• Clan oriented cultures are family-like, with a focus on mentoring, nurturing, and

“doing things together.”
• Adhocracy oriented cultures are dynamic and entrepreneurial, with a focus on risk-
taking, innovation, and “doing things first.”
• Market oriented cultures are results oriented, with a focus on competition,
achievement, and “getting the job done.”
• Hierarchy oriented cultures are structured and controlled, with a focus on efficiency,
stability and “doing things right.”
IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIZATION CULTURE

• Helps you assess career

opportunities and how you
might fit into an organization.

• Helps you assess how to

succeed within an
organization or whether it is
possible.
WHAT IS ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR?

• “Organizational behavior is directly concerned with the understanding, prediction, and

control of human behavior in organizations.” — Fred Luthans.
• Organizational behavior is the study of both group and individual performance and
activity within an organization.
• This area of study examines human behavior in a work environment and determines its
impact on job structure, performance, communication, motivation, leadership, etc.
 WHAT IS AN ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR?

• The organizations in which people work have an effect on their thoughts, feelings, and actions. These thoughts,
feelings, and actions, in turn, affect the organization itself.
• Organizational behavior studies the mechanisms governing these interactions, seeking to identify and foster
behaviors conducive to the survival and effectiveness of the organization.
1. Job Satisfaction. 5. Understanding Employees Better.
2. Finding the Right People. 6. Understand how to Develop Good Leaders.
3. Organizational Culture. 7. Develop a Good Team.
4. Leadership and Conflict Resolution. 8. Higher Productivity.
 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

Organization Behavior is based on a few fundamental concepts which revolve around the nature of people
 and organizations.

• Individual Differences. • The value of the Person.

• Perception. • Human Dignity.
• A Whole Person. • Organizations are Social System.
• Motivated Behavior. • Mutuality of Interest.
• The desire for Involvement. • Holistic Concept.
INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS COLLECTIVISM

• Individualism emphasizes individual goals and rights. Collectivism emphasizes

group goals and personal relationships.
• While an individualist society prizes personal control, autonomy and individual
accomplishments, a collectivist one puts a premium on loyalty and cohesion and imposes
mutual obligations in the context of in-groups.
 CONTRASTING VALUES

Individualism Collectivism
- Independent - related
- Goals - belong
- Compete - duty
- Private self knowledge - harmony
- Direct communication - Advice
- Hierarchy
- group
INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS COLLECTIVISM

• An individualist is motivated by personal rewards and benefits. Individualist persons set

personal goals and objectives based on self. Individualistic workers are very comfortable
working with autonomy and not part of a team.
• The collectivist is motivated by group goals. Long-term relationships are very important.
Collectivistic persons easily sacrifice individual benefit or praise to recognize and honor
the team’s success. In fact, being singled out and honored as an individual from the rest
of the team may be embarrassing to the collectivistic person.
PERSONALITY & PERCEPTION

• Perception and personality affect how people relate to each other and their work.  
• Managers will learn how selective attention, stereotypes, and other attitudinal distortions
are formed and may contribute to group dynamics, interpersonal conflict and inequity in
the workplace.  
• Understanding the fundamentals of social identity theory, perception and personality can
assist managers in managing and maximizing diversity, coaching employees and teams,
and reducing stress in the workplace.
 PERSONALITY & PERCEPTION

• Each of us has a particular way of perceiving and making sense of the world around
us.  It is tempting to assume that human behavior is a response to an objective reality
but, as the comedian Lily Tomlin noted, “Reality is nothing more than a collective
hunch.”  The same stimuli may be present in our environment, but what we do with
that stimuli is affected by individual differences.
 
• Perception is the selection and organization of environmental information to provide
meaningful experiences to the perceiver.  It is the process of making sense of sensory
data.  Perception serves as a filter or gatekeeper so that we are not overwhelmed by all
the stimuli that bombard us.  We need to pay attention to three aspects of perception:
organizing data, selective attention, and perceptual bias.
 PERSONALITY & PERCEPTION

• Personality is a set of distinctive individual characteristics, including motives,

emotions, values, interests, attitudes and competencies.  Personality is the result of
personal traits interacting with the environment.

• Personality is a patterned body of habits, traits, attitudes, and ideas of an individual’s,

as these are organized externally into roles and statues and as they relate internally to
motivation, goals, and various aspects of selfhood.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY

• The term personality is used in various senses.

• Generally, it is used to indicate the external outlook of an individual. In philosophy, it
means internal quality.
• In the field of organizational behavior, personality is the aggregate of a person’s
feelings, thinking, behaviors and responses to different situations and people.
• Having this knowledge is also useful for placing people in jobs and organizations. Having
a strong personality is the key to success. This is also a key determinant of good
leadership.
PERSONALITY IN OB

• Personality plays a key role in organizational behavior because of the way that people
think, feel, and behave effects many aspects of the workplace. People’s personalities
influence their behavior in groups, their attitudes, and the way they make decisions.
• In the workplace, personality affects such things as motivation, leadership, performance,
and conflict. The more that management understands how personality in organizational
behavior works, the better equipped they are to be effective and accomplish their goals.
REFERENCE

• https://study.com/academy/lesson/management-skills-definition-examples.html