ORAL COMMUNICATION

VIANNE BONVILLE T. SIMBULAN, LPT. MA.

Lesson 1: Fundamentals
of Communication
COMMUNICATION
IS NOT…
Objectives

By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to

 Explain the nature and process of communication;
 Discuss the functions of communication;
 Use various strategies to overcome communication
breakdown.
What is Communication?
Communication

• The word COMMUNICATION originated from

two Latin words:
• communis -“to make common”
• communicare – “to make common to many,
share”.
Communication

• A systematic process by which people

interact through the exchange of verbal
and non-verbal symbols to create and
interpret things.
Nature of Communication

• Communication occurs between

two or more people.
Nature of Communication

• Communication can be expressed

through written or spoken words, action
(nonverbal), or both spoken words and
nonverbal actions at the same time.
Elements of Communication

Communication is divided into elements which

help us better understand its mechanics or
process.
Elements of Communication

These elements are the following:

1. Speaker – the source of information or
message
2. Message – the information, ideas, or
thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words
or in actions
Elements of Communication

3. Encoding – the process of converting the

message into words, actions, or other forms
that the speaker understands
4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as
personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal,
in which the encoded message is conveyed
Elements of Communication

5. Decoding – the process of interpreting

the encoded message of the speaker by
the receiver
6. Receiver – the recipient of the
message, or someone who decodes the
message
Elements of Communication

7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or

information provided by the received
8. Context - the environment where
communication takes place
9. Barrier – the factors that affect the
flow of communication
Elements of Communication
Models of Communication
Shannon-Weaver Model

1. Shannon Weaver Model

Known as the mother of all communication models, the
Shannon-Weaver model (1949) depicts communication as a
linear or one-way process consisting of five elements; a
source (producer of message); a transmitter (encoder of
message into signals); a channel (signals adapted for
transmission); a receiver (decoder of message from the
signal); and a destination.
Shannon-Weaver Model

1. Shannon Weaver Model

Transaction Model

2. Transaction Model
Unlike the Shannon-Weaver model, which is a one-way process,
the transaction model is a two-way process with the inclusion of
feedback as an element.
Transaction Model

2. Transaction Model
Functions of Communication
Functions of Communication

Five (5) basic functions of communication.

1. Control – Communication functions to
control behavior.
2. Social Interaction – Communication
allows individuals to interact with
others.
Functions of Communication

Five (5) basic functions of communication.

3. Motivation – communication motivates or
encourages people to live better.
4. Emotional Expression – Communication
facilitates people’s expression of their feelings
and emotions.
Functions of Communication

Five (5) basic functions of communication.

5. Information Dissemination – Communication
functions to convey information.
Features of an Effective
Communication
 Features of an Effective Communication

Effective Public Relations, Professors Broom, Cutlip, and

Center (2012) list the 7 Cs of effective communication.

1. Completeness. Complete communication is essential to

the quality of the communication process in general.
2. Conciseness. Conciseness does not mean keeping the
message short but making it direct or straight to the
point. Insignificant or redundant information should be
eliminated from the communication that will be sent to
the recipient.
 7 Cs of Effective Communication

3. Consideration
To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant
information about his/her receiver such as mood, background,
race, preference, education, status, and needs, among others.
4. Concreteness
Effective communication happens when the message is concrete
and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and
situations.
 Features of an Effective Communication

5. Courtesy
The speaker shows courtesy in communication by
respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of his/her
receivers. Being courteous all the time creates a positive
impact on the receivers.
6. Clearness
Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and
specific words to express ideas. It is also achieved when the
speaker focuses on a single objective in his/her speech so as
not to confuse the receivers.
 Features of an Effective Communication

Effective Public Relations, Professors Broom, Cutlip, and

Center (2012) list the 7 Cs of effective communication.

5. Correctness
Correctness in grammars eliminates negative impact on
the receivers and increases the credibility and effectiveness
of the message.
Barriers to Communication
 Barriers to Communication
Barrier Example
Emotional Barriers You are having a bad day or
you feel frustrated
Use of Jargon You are a scientist discussing a
certain weather phenomenon
with your neighbor who does
not know much about the topic
Solution
Recognize these kinds of
emotions, and politely ask the
other person to give you a
moment so you can relax or
calm yourself.
Jargon refers to the set of
specialized vocabulary in a
certain field. To avoid
communication breakdown due
to lack of clarity adjust your
language; use layman’s terms
or simple words.
 Barriers to Communication
Barrier Example
Lack of Confidence You are asked to share something
about your day or weekend, but you
are hesitant because you are shy.
Noisy Environment You are having a conversation with
some friends when a song was
played loudly.
Solution
Develop self—confidence by joining
organizations where you can share
and develop your interests. Look for
opportunities in your school or
community that will help you find
you strengths and improve your
abilities.
Recognize that noise is a common
barrier. Make some adjustments by
asking someone to minimize the
volume or by looking for a quiet
area where you can resume the
conversation
Verbal Communication and
Nonverbal Communication
 Verbal Communication

• Refers to an interaction in which words are used to

relay a message. For effective and successful verbal
communication, use words to express ideas which
can be easily understood by the person you are
talking to.
 Verbal Communication

1. Appropriateness – The language that you use

should be appropriate to the environment or
occasion. (i.e., whether formal or informal)
2. Brevity – Speakers who often use simple yet
precise and powerful words are found to be more
credible. Try to achieve brevity by being more
direct with your words. Avoid fillers and
insubstantial expressions which do not add to the
message, such as “you know”, “I guess”, and
others.
 Verbal Communication

3. Clarity – the meanings of words, feelings, or ideas

may be interpreted differently by a listener, hence,
it is essential for you to clearly state your message
and express your ideas and feelings.
4. Ethics – words should be carefully chosen in
consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity,
preferences, and status of the person or people you
are talking to.
 Verbal Communication

5. Vividness – Words that ore creatively describe

things or feelings usually add color and spice to
communication; hence, you are encouraged to find
ways to charm your audience through the use of vivid
words.
 Nonverbal Communication

• Refers to an interaction where behavior is used to

convey and represent meanings. All kinds of human
responses that are not expressed in words are
classified as nonverbal communication. Examples of
nonverbal communication are stares, smiles, tone
of voice, movements, etc.
 Write T before each number if the statement
is TRUE and F if the statement is FALSE.
____1. Consider ethics in your speech at all times.
____2. Effective use of nonverbal communication can
strengthen message.
____3. How you communicate reflects who you are as
person.
____4. One way to help you build credibility is
through effective nonverbal communication.
 Write T before each number if the statement
is TRUE and F if the statement is FALSE.
____5. There are certain words that are only
appropriate at certain times and places.
____6. To achieve clarity, we must speak the same
language as our listeners.
____7. Using too many fillers can distract your
listeners.
____8. Verbal communication is better than
nonverbal communication.
 Write T before each number if the statement
is TRUE and F if the statement is FALSE.
____9. When you talk to others, you should not
assume too quickly that they understand the message
that you convey.
____10. When you communicate, choose what you
want to say and how you want to say it.