Oral Communication

 Speech context refers to situation or circumstances in which communication occurs. It is important

because this helps you communicate properly and respond accordingly.
 Intrapersonal
 This refers to the type of communication wherein only one person is involved in the communication.
The sender of the message acts as the sender, at the same time, as the receiver of the message. The
purpose of this is to clarify ideas and analyze various situations.
 Internal discourse. This involves thinking, concentration and analysis. Psychologists include both
daydreaming and nocturnal dreaming in this category. Prayer, contemplation and meditation also are
part of this category, though from a theological point of view the argument may be made that this is
not solely internal to one person.
 Solo vocal communication. This includes speaking aloud to oneself. This may be done to clarify
thinking, to rehearse a message intended for others, or simply to let off steam.
 Solo written communication. It deals with writing not intended for others.
 Interpersonal. This refers to the type of communication that takes place between and among people
and creates a personal relationship among people. This is where two or more people are provided
with the means of interaction with one another. It can be direct or mediated.
 Dyadic Communication means the interrelationship between the two, but in practice, this
relationship refers to dialogic relations or face-to-face verbal communication between two persons
involving their mutual ideas, thoughts, behavior, ideals, liking and disliking, and all the queries and
answers concerning life and living in nature.
 Small Group. Interaction involves at least three but not more than twelve people that are in the face-
to-face interactions.
 Public. This refers to communication that enables you to deliver a message in crowd. The message
can be transmitted for informative or persuasive purposes.
 Mass Communication. This refers to communication through television, radio, newspapers,
magazines, books, billboards, internet and other types of media.

When talking to your self

 You might be familiar with the feeling of quietly talking to yourself in your mind and its normal- and
good for you. By performing this, it makes you think and reflect on the things you have done or are
planning to do.

 Use self-talk to your advantage. Cheering yourself up before an important event or talking to
yourself while completing a task are two perfect opportunities for self-talk (Gould, 2018, Talking to
yourself is normal, n.d).

 Don't overdo it. While it is normal to talk to yourself constantly, it is better not to overuse yourself
of doing so. The most common reason why people end up talking to themselves is because they feel
 like they do not have someone else to talk to. To address this, you need to be more sociable, it would
give you more people to talk to other than yourself.

When talking to one person or a small group of people

1. Listen carefully. Needless to say, this is the very basic foundation of effective communication. You
have to listen carefully and understand what the other person is saying.

2. Check your tone and body language. The vocabulary of the body is more revealing than the actual
words you speak. So, watch your tone and body language while you are talking.

When talking to the public

Speaking in front of the crowd requires many preparations; from analyzing your target audience, to
planning and drafting your speech up to the rehearsing part.

Speech style here means the form of language that the speaker uses which characterized by the degree of
formality.

1. Frozen. This is also known as fixed speech, it is the highest form of communicative style which is
often used in respectful situations or formal ceremonies It also used when one shows hesitation,
disinterest or prejudice.
2. Formal speeches are straightforward speeches. In this speech style, the speaker avoids using slang
terminologies, what the speaker says is something that has been prepared beforehand, its complex
sentence and noun phrases are well structured, logically sequenced and strongly coherent.
3. Consultative. This is used in semi-formal communication, sentences end to be shorter and spontaneous, the
speaker does not usually plan what he/she wants to say, most operational among others.
4. Casual. This is an informal communication between groups and peers. Casual style is used in
conversation between friends and insiders who have something to share and have shared background
information but don’t have close relations.
5. Intimate. The last type is used in talks between two very close individuals. It is described by an
economy of words, with a high chance of nonverbal communication. Like casual, there is also a free
and easy participation of both speaker and listener.

Communicative Strategies

1. Nomination. Speaker carries to collaboratively and productively establish a topic. Basically, when
you employ this strategy, you try to open a topic with the people you are talking to.
2. Restriction. Refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker. On some cases of communication,
there's instructions that must be followed. Those instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what
you can say.
3. Turn-taking. Pertains to the process by which people decides who take the conversational floor.
Primarily, the idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak.
4. Topic Control. Covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in
conversation.
 5. Topic Shifting. Involves moving from one topic to another. It is where one part of a conversation
ends and where another begins.
6. Repair. Refers to how speaker address the problems in speaking, listening and comprehending that
they may encounter in a conversation.
7. Termination. Refers to the conversation participants' close initiating expressions that end a topic in
a conversation.
A speech act is an utterance that serves a function in communication. We perform speech acts when we
offer an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal.

Speech-act theory is a subfield of pragmatics. This area of study is concerned with the ways in
which words can be used not only to present information but also to carry out actions.

Locutionary Acts

 mere act of producing some linguistic sounds or marks with a certain meaning and reference.

 Or simply an act of performing words into utterances that make sense in a language with correct
grammar and pronunciation.

Illocutionary Act

 It is not just saying something itself, but an act of saying something with intention of:

 Stating an opinion, confirming or denying something

Perlocutionary Act

 Is seen when a particular effect is sought from either the speaker, listener or both.

 Its aim is to change feelings, thoughts or actions.

Classification of Speech Acts

Assertives. They commit the speaker to something being the case. The different kinds are: suggesting,
putting forward, swearing, boasting, concluding.
Directives. They try to make the addressee perform an action. The different kinds are: asking, ordering,
requesting, inviting, advising, begging.
Commisives. They commit the speaker to doing something in the future. The different kinds are: promising,
planning, vowing, betting, opposing.
Expressives. They express how the speaker feels about the situation. The different kinds are: thanking,
apologising, welcoming, deploring.
Declarations. They change the state of the world in an immediate way.