OCC 2ND QUARTER REVIEWER

TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT

 Intrapersonal- This refers to a type of communication that is focused on one person, where the
speaker acts both as the sender and as the receiver of the message. The message is made up of
thoughts and feelings while the brain that processes what you think and feel. (Hybels &
weaver,2012, p 16)
 Interpersonal- This refers to the type of communication that takes place between and among
people and creates a personal relationship between and among them. Normally, it includes two
individuals, and it can vary from casual and very personal to formal and impersonal.

TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

 Dyad- Communication that happens between two people

 Small group- This applies to interactions involving at least three but not more than twelve
people engaged in face-to-face interactions to achieve the desired goal. In this type of
conversation, all participants can freely express their ideas throughout the discussion.

 Public- This type refers to a communication that enables you to send or deliver a message
before a crowd. The message can be transmitted for informative or persuasive purposes. “In
public communication, unlike interpersonal and small groups, the channels are more
exaggerated. The voice is louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is
larger” (Hybels & Weaver, 2012, p 19).
 Mass Communication- This refers to communication through television, radio, newspapers,
magazines, books, billboard, the internet, and other types of media.

TYPES OF SPEECHES

THERE TWO MAJOR TYPES OF SPEECHES: ACCORDING TO PURPOSE AND ACCORDING TO DELIVERY

1. TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

 Informative speech- is mainly performed for the purpose of educating the audience on new
or relevant piece of information on a particular topic.
 Persuasive speech- Is given solely for the purpose of convincing the audience to agree with
the speaker’s opinion on a particular topic.
 Entertainment speech- Aims to share laughter and enjoyment to the audience through witty
and humorous lines.
2. TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY
 Manuscript speech- Is the word-for-word iteration of a written message using visual aids.
 Memorized speech- Is the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has
committed to memory.
 Extemporaneous speech- Is the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech,
spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes.
 Impromptu speech- Is the presentation of a short message without advance preparation
and is for people knowledgeable about the subject.
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES

Speech Style

The way we communicate varies depending on a lot of factors such as the speech context, speech
purpose, and speech delivery. The form language that the speaker uses which characterized by the
degree of formality is known as speech style (Martin Joos, 1976:156)

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE

Intimate

 Is used for very close relationships

 Language used in this style may not be shared in public.

Casual

 Is an informal communication between groups and peers who have something to share and
have shared background information but do not have close relations.
 Jargons, slang, and vernacular language are used.

Consultative

 Is used in semi-formal and standard communication

 Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in this style.

Formal

 Is a one-way straightforward speech

 What the speaker says is something that has been prepared beforehand.

Frozen

 Is the most formal communicative style that is usually used during solemn ceremonies and
events.
 It does not require any feedback from audience.

SPEECH ACT

A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect.

Speech acts are performed when a person offers an apology, greeting, request, complaints, invitation,
compliment, or refusal. Speech act is an act of communication.

THREE TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS

Locutionary act- Is the act of uttering or saying something. This act happens with the utterance of a
sound, a word or even a phrase as a natural unit of speech.

For the utterances to be a Locutionary act, consider the following:

1. It has sense, and mostly importantly, for communication to take place.

2. It has the same meaning to both the speaker and the listener.
3. Utterance give rise to shared meaning when it is adjusted by the speaker for the listener.

Ex. “Doh!” (favorite expression of TV cartoon character Homer Simpson)

“Wow?” (When someone is amazed)

“Hello!” (Greeting someone)

“Get out!” (A strong command)

Illocutionary act- is the social function of what is said. In an illocutionary speech act, it is not saying
something itself but with act saying something with the intention of:

1. Stating an opinion, conforming, or defying something;

2. Making a prediction, a promise, a request;
3. Issuing an order or a decision; or
4. Giving advice or permission.

This speech act uses the illocutionary force of a statement, a confirmation, a denial, a prediction, a
promise, a request, etc.

Ex. It’s more fun in the Philippines (opinion)

I’ll help you clean the house tomorrow. (Promise)

Get my things in the office. (Order)

Perlocutionary act- refers to the consequent effect of what was said. This is based on the particular
context in which the speech act was mentioned. This is seen when a particular effect is sought form
either the speaker or the listener, or both. This response may not necessarily be physical or verbal and is
elicited by:

1. inspiring or insulting
2. Persuading/convincing; or
3. Deterring/scaring

This aim of perlocutionary speech act is to change feeling, thought, or actions.

Ex. “We can do this. We heal and win as one!” (Inspiring)

“It is crucial that we give all our collective efforts to fight against this pandemic. We must start working
together.” (Persuading)

“Smoking destroys your health, certain as it brings diseases, it kills- you, your loved ones, and others!”
(deterring)

SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACT

CLASSIFIED ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS INTO FIVE DISTINCT CATEGORIES

Assertive - a type of Illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a
proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting and
concluding.

Ex. No one can love you better than I do.

Directive- a type of Illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an
action. Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.

Ex. Please maintain the cleanliness of our school.

Commissive- a type of Illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing something in the future.
Examples of a commissive act are promising, planning, vowing, and betting.

Ex. From this moment on, I will love you and honor you for the rest of my life.

Expressive - a type of Illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional
reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are thanking, apologizing, welcoming and deploring.

Ex. Thank heavens, you came to save me! I owe you my life.

Declaration- a type of Illocutionary act which brings a change in the external situation. Simply put,
declarations bring into existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to. Some examples of
declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating.

Ex. You are hired!

By saying that someone is hired, an employee causes or brings about the person’s acceptance to job;
consequently, this changes his external situation.

STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

We need to communicate to others to establish a relationship and to have better understanding.

However, there are times when miscommunication occurs. It is important that we know how to adjust
and be able to communicate effectively.

Cohen (1990) states that strategies must be used to start and maintain a conversation. Knowing and
applying grammar appropriately is one of the most basic strategies to maintain a conversation. These
are the strategies that people use:

Nomination- employed when you try to open a topic with the people you are talking to. You may start
off with news inquiries and news announcements as they promise extended talk. This could signal the
beginning of a new topic in the conversation.

Restriction-refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker. You are given specific instruction that
you must follow. These instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say.

Turn-taking- pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the conversation floor. There is a
code of behavior behind establishing and sustaining a productive conversation, but the primary idea is
to give all communicators a chance to speak.

Topic control- covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in
conversations. This is achieved cooperatively. When a topic is initiated, it should be collectively
developed by avoiding unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts. You can say “yes,” “okay”, “go on”, or
asking tag questions to be actively involved without dominating.

Topic shifting- involves moving from one topic to another. You have to be very intuitive. Make sure that
the previous topic was nurtured enough to generate adequate views. You may say “by the way,” “in
addition to what you said,” “which reminds me of,” and like that.

Repair- refers to how speakers address the problem in speaking, listening and comprehending that they
may encounter in a conversation. For example, if everybody in the conversation seems to talk at the
same time, give way and appreciate other’s initiative to set the conversation back to its topic.
Termination- refers to the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a
conversation. Most of the time, the one who initiated the conversation takes responsibility to signal the
concluding cues. You can do this by sharing what you learned or complete the discussion of the topic.

APPROACH SITUATION, CONTEXT, AND STYLE

LANGUAGE FORM FORMAL, SEMI-FORMAL
DURATION OF INTERACTION
RELATIONSHIP OF SPEAKER
ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SPEAKER
MESSAGE
DELIVERY EXTEMPORANOUS, IMPROMPTU, ETC.

PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING

1. Audience analysis- means looking into the profile of your target audience. You need to do this
so that your speech will fit or match your audience. Profile includes:
 Demography- age range, male-female ration, educational background, nationality, economic
status, and others.
 Situation- time, venue, occasion, size
 Psychology- values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural and racial ideologies and needs
2. Determining the purpose- is finding out whether you want to inform, entertain, or persuade.
3. Selecting the topic and narrowing it- are also important. Your topic is your focal point. You need
to make it more specific.
4. Data gathering- is the part where you collect information from sources about your topic. You
can research books or surf the internet. Be sure to site your sources.
5. Selecting a writing pattern- will help you to organize your ideas. You can choose from the
following
 Biographical- presents descriptions of life of a person
 Categorical/topical- presents related categories to support the topic
 Causal- presents cause and effect relationship
 Chronological- presents ideas in time order
 Comparison-contrast- compares and contrast two or three ideas
 Problem-solution- presents problem and solutions
6. Making an outline- or a hierarchical list of ideas can help you arrange your thoughts to make it
easy for you to write your speech in an organized way.
7. Creating the body- involves writing explanations, examples and details about the topic you have
chosen. Be sure to focus on the main idea.
8. Your introduction- must catch the attention of your audience and present the subject or topic of
your speech
9. The conclusion- restates the main point of your speech. You can summarize, emphasize your
point and call for action. Your goal is to leave memorable mark to your audience.
10. Editing and revising- is correcting your speech for mechanics such as grammar, punctuation,
spelling, organization and the like. When you edit, be sure to:
 Edit for focus- check if it focuses on the main topic
 Edit for clarity- make sure your words are clear and easy to understand
 Edit for conclusion- keep it simple and easy
 Edit for continuity- ideas should flow smoothly
 Edit for variety- shift in tone and style
 Edit for impact and beauty- make it memorable
 11. Practice makes perfect. When you practice you look at the time and how you deliver your
speech. This helps you see yourself and find out how you can improve.

WRITTEN TO BE SPOKEN

1. Use conversational style more often. Audience do not like the speaker to sound unnatural or
exaggerated.
2. Rapport with audience. Look at your audience in the eye so they will feel that they are part of
your speech. This will also keep their attention and you will know who are paying attention. Use
pauses when you emphasize the most important words, phrases or sentences. Your pauses
should not last for three seconds.
3. Modulation. Remember to adjust your volume to the size of the audience and venue. Modulate
your voice but do not shout or yell. Vary your speed or rate to avoid monotone pattern. This will
avoid boredom.
4. Articulation. Pronounce and enunciate words correctly. You might confuse your audience if you
mispronounce a word.
5. Stage presence. Start your speech by standing straight and balancing your weight. This will give
a positive first impression.
6. Gestures and movements. Use precise movements. Move your arms with purpose. Avoid
distracting mannerisms like swaying back and forth, leaning on the podium, licking or biting your
lips, playing with your wristwatch or jewelry, scratching parts of your body, frowning and others.
7. Facial expressions. Avoid having a poker face or highly animated face. Just smile unless you are
talking about a sad subject. Your expression must match your message conveys.
8. Dress properly and appropriately
9. Breathe in and out to relax before your speech
10. Have fun!