Handouts:

The different types of speech:

 Types of speech style

 Types of speech act
 Types of speech communicative strategy
 Types of speech according to purpose
 Types of speech according to delivery

Types of speech style:

Speech style is a function to control/regulate, to socialize, to motivate, to give/to get

information, & to express emotions.

A speech style has 5 aspects:

 Frozen:

This style of communication rarely or never changes. It is frozen in time & content.
Example: the pledge of allegiance, the Lord’s prayer, the preamble of the constitution, the
alma mater, a bibliographic reference, law.

 Formal:

This language is used in formal settings and is one way in nature. This use of language is
usually follows a commonly accepted format. It is usually impersonal and formal.
Examples: sermons, rhetorical statement and questions, speeches, pronouncement made by
judges, announcements.

 Consultative:

It is formal and societal expectations accompany of users of this speech. It is a professional

discourse.
Example: communication between superior and a subordinate, doctor & patient, lawyer &
client, lawyer & judge, teacher & student, counselor & client.

 Casual

This is an informal language used by peers and friends. Slang, vulgarities, ad colloquialism,
are normal. This is a group language. One must be a member to engage in this register.
Examples: buddies, chats & emails, blogs, letters to friends.

 Intimate:

This communication is private. It is reserve for close family members, or intimate people.
Example: husband and wife, boyfriend & girlfriend, siblings, and parent & children.

Types of speech act:

speech act are the speakers utterances which convey meaning and make listeners do
specific things.

A speech act has 3 aspects:

 Locutionary speech act:

This act happens with the utterance of a sounds, a word, or even a phrase as a natural unit
of speech. What is required for the utterance to be a locutionary act is that it has sense, and
has the same meaning to both the speaker and listener.

Example: “what?” (when someone is surprised)

 Illocutionary speech act:

In an illocutionary speech act it is not just saying something itself, but the act of saying
something with the intention of: Stating an opinion, confirming, or denying something.
Making a prediction, a promise, a request. Issuing an order or a decision. Giving an advice
or permission.

Example:

“there’s too much homework in this subject” ( opinion )

“I’ll do my homework later” (promise)

“Go do your homework!” (order)

 Perlocutionary speech act:

This is seen when a particular effects is sought from either the speaker, the listener or both.
The response may not necessarily be physical or verbal and elicited by:

 Inspiring or insulting
 Persuading or convincing
 Deterring or scaring

Types of speech communicative strategy:

There are plans, ways or means of sharing information which are adopted to achieve a
particular social, political, psychological, or linguistic purpose.

A speech communicative strategy has 7 aspects:

 Nomination- presenting a particular topic clearly, truthfully, and saying only what is
relevant.
 Restriction- constraining the response or reaction within a set of categories.
 Turn-taking- recognizing when and how to speak because it is one’s turn.
 Topic-control- keeping the interaction going by asking questions and eliciting a
response.
 Topic-shifting- introducing a new topic followed by the continuation of that topic.
 Repair- overcoming communication breakdown to send more comprehensible
messages.
 Termination- using verbal & non-verbal signals to end the interaction.

Types of speech according to purpose:

Speech according to purpose are to inform, to instruct, to entertain, & to persuade. You
may have several purposes in mind when giving your presentation.

A speech according to purpose has 4 aspects:

 Informative- this speech serves to provide interesting and useful information to your
audience.

Example:

 A teacher telling students about earthquakes

 A student talking about his/her research
 A travelogue about the tower of London
 A computer programmer speaking about new software

 Demonstrative- this speech also teaches you something. The main difference lies in
including a demonstration of how to do the thing you’re teaching.

Example:

 How to start your own blog

 How to bake a cake
 How to write a speech
 How to… just about anything
  Persuasive- this speech works to convince people to change in some ways: they
think, the way they do something, or to star doing something, that they are not
currently doing.

Example:

 Become an organ donor

 Improve your health through better eating
 Television violence is negatively influencing our children
 Become a volunteer and change the world

 Entertaining- the speaker provides pleasure and enjoyment that make the audience
laugh or identify with anecdotal information.

Example:

 Excuses for any occasion

 Explaining cricket to an American
 Things you wouldn’t know without the movies

Types of speech according to delivery:

Speech according to delivery is substantial work goes into the careful preparation of an
interesting and ethical message, so it is understandable that students may have the impulse
to avoid “messing it up” by simply reading it word for word.

Speech according to delivery has 4 aspects:

 Impromptu speaking:
 It is a presentation of a short message without advance preparation impromptu
speeches often occur when someone is asked to “say a few words” or give a toast
on a special occasion.
 Impromptu speeches are generally most successful when they are brief and focus
on single point.
 Extemporaneous speaking:
 Extemporaneous speaking is the presentation of carefully planned and rehearsed
speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes.
 In addition, your audience is likely to pay better attention to the message
because it is engaging both verbally and nonverbally.
 Speaking from a manuscript:
 Manuscript speaking is the word-for-word iteration of a written message. In a
manuscript speech, the speaker maintains his/her attention on the printed page
except when using visual aids.
 The advantage to reading from a manuscript is the exact repetition of original
words. As we mention at the beginning of this chapter, in some circumstances
this can be extremely important.
 Speaking from memory:
 Memorized speaking is rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has
committed to memory.
 When it comes to speeches, memorization can be useful when the message
needs to be exact and the speaker doesn’t want to be confined by notes.