Reviewer in Oral Communication 11
Second Quarter
SPEECH CONTEXT
Speech Context - Speech Context is about the
environment where the communication happens
and how the message is relayed during the
process. By knowing the speech context of a
conversation, we can easily understand the
message and we can make feedback clearly and
appropriately.
Types of Speech Context
Intrapersonal - This communication happens
within oneself. This means that the speaker acts
as the source and the receiver of the message.
When you do self reflection, you analyze your
thoughts and feelings. By knowing what you feel,
you can assess yourself on how to react to it.
examples:
- You spent the night thinking and
analyzing why a student from the other
class talked to you on the way home and
you decided it probably meant nothing.
- You felt happy while thinking about how
your teacher appreciated you for
submitting your project before the due
date and you reflected on why this was so.
Interpersonal - This refers to the communication
between and among people and establishes
personal relationships between and among them.
This communication involves two or more people.
The conversation can be formal or informal,
intimate or casual depending on the relationship
people involved have.
Types of Interpersonal Context
1. Dyad Communication - communication
that occurs between two people
example:
- You offered feedback on the speech
performance of your classmate.
- You provided comfort to a friend
who was feeling down.
2. Small Group - this refers to
communication that involves at least three
but not more than twelve people engaging
in a face-to-face interaction to achieve a
desired goal. In this type of
communication, all participants can freely
share ideas in a loose and open
discussion.
example:
- You are participating in an
organizational meeting which aims
to address the concerns of your
fellow students.
- You are having a discussion with
your group mates on how to finish
the assigned tasks.
Public – In this type of communication, you can
deliver a message to a bigger number of people in
a venue. When someone is giving a message to
the public, he/she usually informs or persuades
people.
examples:
- You deliver a graduation speech to your
batch.
- You participate in a declamation,
oratorical, or debate contest watched by a
number of people.
Mass Communication - This refers to
communication that takes place through
television, newspaper, radio, magazines, books,
billboards, internet, and other types of media.
example: You are a journalism student
articulating your stand on current issues through
the school’s newspaper.
Reviewer in Oral Communication 11
Second Quarter

SPEECH STYLE Frozen - This style is “frozen” in time and

remains unchanged. It is characterized by the use
Intimate - This style is private, which occurs of certain grammar and vocabulary particular to
between or among close family members or a certain field, one in which the speaker inserted.
individuals. The language used in this style may The language in this speech style is very formal
not be shared in public. It’s casual and relaxed and static, making it one of the highest forms of
and goes beyond words, as it incorporates speech styles. It’s usually done in a format where
nonverbal communication and even personal the speaker talks and the audience listens
language codes, such as terms of endearment without actually being given the space to
and expressions whose meanings are only respond.
understood by the participants, besides slang.
examples:
Casual - This style is common among peers and - Preamble to the Constitution
friends. As the name says, this style is - Lord’s Prayer
characterized by its casualty, with a flexible and - Allegiance to country or flag
slang style. It’s usually unplanned, pretty relaxed,
and reliant on the fluid back and forth between
those involved, without any particular order.
Consultative - This style is the standard one.
Professional or mutually acceptable language is a
must in this style. It is characterized by a
semi-formal vocabulary, often unplanned and
reliant on the listener’s responses and overall
participation
examples:
- Teachers and students
- Employers and employees
- Doctor and patient
- Judge and lawyer
Formal - This style is used in formal settings.
The language in this speech is respectful and
rejects the use of slang, contractions, ellipses and
qualifying modal adverbials. Oftentimes the
speaker must plan the sentences before delivering
them.
examples:
- SONA
- Sermons by priests and ministers
Reviewer in Oral Communication 11
Second Quarter
SPEECH ACT
Speech Act - It is an utterance that serves a
function in communication. We perform speech
acts when we offer an apology, greeting, request,
complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal.
John L. Austin - He proposed the Speech Act
Theory.
Types of Speech Act
Locutionary Act - The act of making a
meaningful utterance, a stretch of spoken
language that is preceded by silence and followed
by silence or a change of speaker. It refers to the
actual utterance of the speaker.
example:
When you ask someone, “Can you pass the salt?”
— The literal meaning concerns the hearer’s
ability to pass the salt.
Types of Locutionary Act
1. Utterance Acts - where something is said
(or a sound is made) and which may not
have any meaning,
2. Propositional Acts - where a particular
reference is made.
Illocutionary Act - Refers to the performance of
an act in saying something specific as opposed to
the general act of just saying something. Include
stating, promising, apologizing, threatening,
ordering, predicting and requesting. It refers to
the intended utterance by the speaker
(performance).
example:
“Can you pass the salt?” — In illocution, it is
being interpreted by the receiver that the speaker
requested him to pass the salt.
John Searle - A professor from the University of
California, Berkeley that classified illocutionary
acts into five distinct categories.
Types of Illocutionary Act
1. Assertive - A type of illocutionary act in
which the speaker expresses belief about
the truth of a proposition. Some examples
of an assertive act are suggesting, putting
forward, swearing, boasting, and
concluding.
example: “No one makes a better sandwich
than I do.”
2. Directive - A type of illocutionary act in
which the speaker tries to make an
addressee perform an action. Some
examples of a directive act are asking,
ordering, requesting, inviting, advising,
and begging.
example: “Would you make me a cup of
tea?
3. Commissive - A type of illocutionary act
which commits the speaker to doing
something in the future. Examples of a
commissive act are promising, planning,
vowing, and betting.
example: “I promise to come at eight and
cook a nice dinner for you.”
4. Expressive - A type of illocutionary act in
which the speaker expresses his/her
feelings or emotional reactions. Some
examples of an expressive act are
thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and
deploring.
example: “Thank you for your kind offer.”
5. Declaration - A type of illocutionary act
which brings a change in the external
situation. Some examples of declaration
are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding,
passing a sentence, and
excommunicating.
example: “I bequeath all my property to
my beloved fiancee.”
Reviewer in Oral Communication 11
Second Quarter

Perlocutionary Act - Action or state of mind 6. Repair - It is used to address and correct
brought about or by, or as a consequence of misunderstandings or breakdowns in
saying something. It refers to the actions that communication. They involve clarifying,
result from the locution or what we bring about repeating, or rephrasing information to
or achieve by saying something such as ensure mutual understanding.
convincing, persuading,
7. Termination - It refers to the act of
example: concluding or ending a conversation. It
“Can you pass the salt?” — if illocutions cause involves signalling the closure of a
listeners to do something, they are perlocutions, discussion and may include farewell
greetings or summarizing the main points
discussed.
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY
Communicative Strategy - These are strategies
used by communicators to convey their intended
meaning.
The Communicative Strategies
1. Nomination - This strategy involves
initiating or suggesting a topic of
conversation. It is the act of proposing a
subject or idea to be discussed.
2. Restriction - Restricts the response of the
other person involved in the
communicative situation.
3. Turn-taking - Opportunity to take turns
in talking. It could be formal or informal.
4. Topic Control - Topic control refers to the
ability to influence or direct the course of
a conversation. It involves maintaining
dominance over the choice and
development of topics discussed.
5. Topic Shifting - It is the act of changing
or transitioning from one subject to
another during a conversation. It involves
moving the focus of discussion from one
topic to another.