ORAL COM
The language
Type of Speech Context
Intrapersonal - This refers to
communication that centers on one
person where the speaker acts both as the
sender and the receiver of message.
Different Levels of Communication
Activity
Internal discourse - Involves thinking,
concentration and analysis.
Solo Vocal Communication - Includes
speaking aloud to oneself. This may be
done to clarify thinking, to rehearse a
message intended for others or simply to
let off steam.
Solo Written Communication – Deals with
writing not intended for others.
Interpersonal - This refers to
communication between and among
people and establishes a personal
relationship between and among them.
Types of Interpersonal Context
Dyad Communication - Communication
that occurs between two people.
Small Group - This refers to
communication that involves at least three
but not more than twelve people engaging
in a face -to -face interaction to achieve a
desired goal.
Public - This type refers to communication
that requires you to deliver or send a
message before or in front of a group.
Mass Communication- This refers to
communication that takes place through
television, radio, newspapers, magazines,
books, billboards, the internet, and other
types of media.
Types of Speech Style
Intimate – This style is private, which
occurs between or among close family
members or individuals.
used in this style may not be shared in
public.
Casual – This style is common among
peers and friends. Jargon, slang, or the
vernacular language are used.
Consultative – This style is the standard
one. Professional or mutually acceptable
language is a must in this style. Examples
of situations are communication between
teachers and students, employers and
employees, doctor and patient, judge and
lawyer, or President and his/her
constituents.
Formal – This style is used in formal
settings. Unlike the consultative style, this
is one way. Examples are sermons by
priest and ministers, State of the Nation
Address of the President, formal speeches,
or pronouncements by judges.
Frozen – This style “frozen” in time and
remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in
ceremonies. Common examples are the
Preamble to the Constitution, Lord’s
Prayer, and Allegiance to country or flag.
Types of Speech Act
Speech Act - In linguistics, a speech act is
an utterance defined in terms of a
speaker's intention and the effect it has on
a listener. Essentially, it is the action that
the speaker hopes to provoke in his or her
audience. Speech acts might be requests,
warnings, promises, apologies, greetings,
or any number of declarations.
Three Different Types of Speech Act
Locutionary Act - This is the act of saying
something. It has a meaning and creates
an understandable convey or utterance to
express.
Illocutionary Act - It is performed as an act
in saying something or as an act of
opposed to saying something. The
illocutionary utterance has a certain force
to it. It is well well-versed in certain tones,
attitudes, feelings or emotion.
Perlocutionary – It is the resulting act of
what is said. This effect is based on the
context in which the speech act was
mentioned.
According to Geoffrey Neil Leech (1983)
Locutionary Act: performing an act of
saying something.
Illocutionary Act: performing an act in
saying something.
Perlocutionary Act: performing an act by
saying something.
Performatives
According to John Langshaw Austin, the
performative is the term that “indicates
that the issuing of the utterance is the
performing of an action—it is not normally
thought of as just saying something”.
Criteria of Identifying those
Performatives
1.They do not “describe” or “report” or
constate anything at all, are not “true or
false.”
2.The uttering the uttering the sentence, is
or is a part of, the doing of an action,
which again would not normally be
described as, or as just saying something.
Searle’s Classification of Illocutionary Acts
Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in
which the speaker expresses belief about
the truth of a proposition. Some examples
of an assertive act are suggesting, putting
forward, swearing, boasting, and
concluding.
Directive - a type of illocutionary act in
which the speaker tries to make the
addressee perform an action. Some
examples of a directive act are asking,
ordering, requesting,
inviting, advising, and begging.
Commissive - a type of illocutionary act in
which commits do something the speaker
to
in the future. Examples of a promising,
commission act are planning, vowing, and
betting.
Expressive - a type of illocutionary act in
in which the speaker expresses his/her
feelings or emotional reactions. Some
examples of an
expressive acts are thanking, apologizing,
welcoming, and deploring.
Declaration - a type of illocutionary act
which brings a change in the external
situation. Some examples of declarations
are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding,
passing a sentence and excommunicating.
Types of Communicative Strategies
 According to Francisco (2017),
Communicative Strategies are
plans, ways, or means of sharing
information which are
implemented to achieve a
particular social, political,
psychological, or linguistic
purpose.
Communicative Strategy
Nomination
 According to Sipacio & Balgos
(2016), Nomination is when a
speaker collaboratively and
productively establishes a topic.
 It’s a joint effort to open a topic
with other participants in a
conversation.
  Social, political, psychological,
linguistic.
Restriction
 Francisco (2017), states that
this strategy constrains or
restricts the responses of
anyone else involved in a
particular conversation.
Turn Taking
 As stated by Sipacio&
Balgos(2016), this is a process
by which people decide whose
turn it is to speak.
 Verbal and Non-Verbal Cues
 Francisco (2017), this strategy
uses either an informal
approach –you just jump in
and start talking –or a formal
approach (asking for
permission to speak).
Topic-Control
 refers to how a topic develops in a
conversation, whether the context
isFormal or Informal (Sipacio&
Balgos, 2016), and
 Francisco (2017) states –this
strategy also works as a question-
answer formula to move a
discussion forward.
Topic-Shifting
 This is moving from one topic to
another (Sipacio& Balgos, 2016).
Repair
 refers to how speakers address the
problems they confront while
speaking in, listening to, and/or
comprehending a conversation
(Sipacio& Balgos, 2016).
Termination
 According to Sipacio&
Balgos(2016), Termination refers
to the close-initiating expressions
that end a topic in a conversation.
 VERBAL CUES AND NON-VERBAL
CUES
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
Articulation
 when the speaker ‘s words cannot
be understood because of poor
articulation, the speech might as
well not have been delivered at
all. Word choice and grammatical
correctness are necessary in
writing the speech, but it is
articulateness in pronouncing the
words and speaking with clear
diction that effectively transmits
the speaker's message.
 It is highly important to know the
correct way of saying a word,
whether they are familiar or not.
Proper breathing techniques
together with the correct molding
of sounds that make up words
contribute to efficient
articulation.
Modulation
 the capability to adjust or
manipulate the resonance and
timbre of the vocal tone.
 a microphone requires even more
modulation as the amplifiers will
resonate voices further. But
with/without microphone, voices
should not bombard our
eardrums.
 If the speaker’s voice is
modulated, listeners will pay
attention. There are pleasant-
sounding voices, quite soothing to
the ears, just as there are
 unpleasant voices that sound flat,  it was pointed previously that the
high-pitched, or screeching. most important tool for
Stage Presence establishing a connection with the
 the ability to own the stage, of the listeners is an “audience analysis.”
speaker being able to fill the space
and project his/her personality to
the audience.
 the opposite of stage presence is
“stage fright”

Possible ways to overcome stage

fright.
1. Preparation matters
2. Practice
3. Take a deep breath
4. Have a focus.
5. Be flexible
6. Have fun/enjoy
Facial expression, gesture & movements
 It is not just the choice of words
and their proper pronunciation
that make for an effective speech
delivery.
 The message of any speech is
reinforced, clarified, and
complemented by non-verbal
communication. W/o these non-
verbal elements, the speaker may
be judged as boring, with flat
delivery and an unemotional
voice.

How essential these non-verbal cues are?

Facial Expression
 Should reflect the topic discussed.
Gestures
 Should emphasize only certain
points.
Movements
 should allow the speaker to carry
the speech.
Audience Rapport