Forms of communication

5. MASS COMMUNICATION
1. Verbal communication makes us transmit our A communication between one or few people to
ideas, opinions, perceptions, feelings, and unseen audience using print or electronic
emotions through the use of oral language. medium like television, radio, newspaper, or
internet may be absent or delayed.
2. Non-verbal communication refers to the
messages we send to another person’s using Types of speech acts
various ways other than oral language.
What is speech act?
Techniques of Non-Verbal Communication Speech Act is a type of communication
transmitting a message that one has to say a
A. VISUAL language or expressing forth a word, phrase, or
1. Posture forms of words of communication.
2. Gestures / Body Movements
3. Facial Exression Speech acts can be analyzed in three elements
4. Eye Movements a. Locution Act
5. Proxemics b. An Illocution Act
6. Geographic Location c. Perlocution Act
7. Time
8. Artifacts 1. Locution Act
9. Physical Characteristics This is performing what one utters: the actual
delivery and its meaning, endangering phonetic
B. AUDITORY sounds, phastic and rhetic acts equivalent to the
1. Silence verbal, syntactic, and semantic nature of any
2. Paralanguage meaningful delivery.

C. TACTILE
This refers to communication through touch.
D. OLFACTORY
This refers to communication through taste.
E. GUSTATORY
This form of communication refers to smell.
Example:
When saying Barak Obama without pause, it
could also mean
Barako Bama or Jessica Soho to Jessi Casoho.
I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him . to
I come to bury Caesar, nato praise him. (Who is
Nato?

LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION 2. Illocution Act

1. INTRAPERSONAL
The prefix “intra” means within or inside. It is
the communication within yourself.
Classification of Illocution Act
The idea of illocutionary act is centered to the
idea of the speech act.
a. Assertive - Speech act that pledges a speaker
to the truth of what he says.

b. Directives - Speech acts that cause the

2. INTERPERSONAL
This type of communication involves two
person (dyadic) or a relatively small number of
people.
3. PUBLIC
Public communication involves you and several
other people.
4. SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION
Three to approximately fifteen people
interacting to achieve a common purpose or
objective, solve a problem, plan for a project, or
make a decision of some kind.
listener to act accordingly.
c.Commissives - Speech acts that commit a
speaker to do some action in the
future.
d.) Expressive - Speech acts that express the
speaker's attitudes and emotions
toward a proposition.
e.) Declaratives - Speech acts that change the
reality in accordance with the
proposition of the declaration.
3. Perlocution
 These are speech acts as viewed at the
level of its psychological consequence such as
persuading. convincing, scaring, inspiring,
angering, inciting with otherwise getting
someone to do or realize something.
Examples:
a. If someone shouts "Fire!" and by that act
causes people to exit a building which they
believe to be on fire, they have performed a
perlocutionary act or convincing other people to
exit a building.
b. A jury declares "Guilty!" in a courtroom in
which an accused person sits. The
perlocutionary act of declaring a person guilty
of a crime has been undertaken. The accused
person would be convinced that they were to be
led from the courtroom into the jail cell.
Forms of Speech Style
Style is the manner of using words.
a.Frozen Style
This is a style which is mostly used in
composing a speech, in talking to strangers
using polite and formal language to show the
kind of speaker and to make a speech easier to
understand.
b. Formal Style
It can be used in formal situation used by
speakers using formal language.
c. Consultative Style
It is used in discussions during business
meeting. The speaker who adopts this style
usually has no prepared speech outline or
guide on what he wants to discuss.
d. Intimate Style
This style has a characteristic that is
predominantly used in personal language
codes, and it is specially for a particular group.
e. Casual Style
Refers to the situation in which utterances are
said. It is used in informal (casual)situation
using informal language.
Communicative strategy
Why do we need to know the communicative
strategies?
Good speaking does not call attention to
itself. It should convey speaker’s ideas clearly,
interestingly, and without distracting the
audience. Most listeners prefer delivery that
combines a certain degree of formality with the
best attributes of communicative strategy
directness, spontaneity, animation, emphasis,
and lively sense of communication. When faced
with difficulty, he uses the following systematic
ad-lib techniques:
1. Topic Shifting - This strategy does not
only stick to the main topic but shifts to
another sub-topic of the main topic or
shift to another new topic related to
the main topic.
(lumilipat sa isang topic na related pa
din sa main topic).
2. Turn Taking – this refers to the meeting
of student leaders, etc. For example:
Speaker 1 speaks of the Community
Outreach Program of the school.
Speaker 2 suggested three places in
Metro Manila based on his ocular
check.
(hindi sabay sabay na nagsasalita. The
other person is listening while the other
is speaking and then vice versa. )
3. Topic Control - This is the strategy
where it aims to influence others
through controlling the conversation.
This type has leadership quality where
he aims to influence his idea, opinion to
the participating members.
(yung nagsasalita is controlling the
entire conversation by leading the
conversation and influences the
listeners. )
4. Message Abandonment
This strategy can be observed among
those with language difficulty. He says,
"He took the wrong decision to mmm…”
( message is left hanging due to
language difficulty.)
5. Topic Avoidance
This strategy is observed when a learner
attempts not to talk about the topic
 because he has difficulty in expressing
the concept.
(kapag may isang participant in the
communication who tries to change the
topic kasi nagsstruggle siya to express
its concept)
6. Circumlocution
This strategy is common among learners
where they describe or paraphrase the
action, thing, or object.
(Example: hindi alam ng speaker kung
anong tawag sa pambukas ng wine
(corkscrew) kaya ang gagawin niya is to
describe it by “ yung bagay na
pambukas ng bote”. )
7. Approximation
This strategy is obvious among learners
who uses an alternative word to
express the meaning of the lexical item
as understandable as possible.
(Example: A learner says “ship” for
sailboat or “pipe” for water pipe or
“gay” for third sex.)
8. Use of all-purpose words
This strategy is manifested by learners
who expand an empty lexical item to
context where certain words are
missing.
(Example: Over-using of words like:
thing, staff, make, do, okay, what do
you call it, what is it …)
9. Word Coinage
In this strategy, the learner creates a
word based on his/her knowledge in
the word formation in language.
(gumagawa ng bagong salita example:
“judgerist” of judgemental.)
10. Use of non-linguistic
The learner, in this strategy, uses non
linguistic interpretation such as
pantomime or mimicry, gesture, facial
expression, and sound imitation to help
him/her in expressing the meaning.
( sa halip na salita, ginagamit is non-
verbal. Example: A learner uses his
hands and acts like flying to refer to a
bird)
11. Literal Translation
This strategy can be observed when a
(learner translates a lexical item, idiom,
or structure.)
12. Code Switching
This strategy tells us of learners who
use a British pronunciation instead of
American pronunciation.
13. Appeal for Help
This strategy is used by learners who
asks his classmates or teacher for
assistance because they do not know or
forget some words, structures, or
idioms.
(Example: Kapag humihing ka ng Yulong
sa kaklse mo kasi nakalimutan mo yung
isang salita. You say “ Ano nga uling
tawag sa …?)
14. Use of fillers/ hesitation devices
The learner may use filling terms,
words, or phrases to fill the pause or
blank and gain time to think.
( Sample: “ Ahmm, uhmmm, well, you
see.. , As a matter of fact, …)
LISTENING VS. HEARING
Types of Listeners
1. Non-Listener
He comes to listen but his ears are shut to the
lecture. He feels he already knows what the
speaker is talking about or he doesn’t like the
speaker.
2. Marginal Listener
He comes to listen but he is divided. He worries
of what may happen to his grades when he
knows he didn’t study very well, or he has
psychological problems. He is half listening and
half worrying.
3. Evaluative Listener
Also known as critical listener. He is around to
listen but instead of listening, he just writes
down all the mannerisms and blunders
committed by the speaker. possibilities.

4. Active Listener 2. Extemporaneous speech

He listens actively to all the things discussed by
the speaker. All the messages are analyzed and
critically reflected on.
5. True Listener
He is the kind of listener who uses both his
mind and heart known as IQ and EQ. He always
puts himself in the shoes of the speaker.
Types of Speech According to Purpose’
1. Informative Speech
An informative speech provides information
about a specific subject to an audience. The aim
of an informative speech is to help your
audience to understand and to remember the
information you are presenting.
Types of Informative Speech
A. Speeches about Objects
As the word is used here, “objects”
include anything that is visible, tangible, and
stable in form. Objects may have moving parts
or be alive; they may include places, structures,
animals, even people.
is prepared in advance but delivered
spontaneously. Extempore means “growing out
of time” or coming at the time of delivery.
You may use brief notes to jog the memory but
the notes should cover only the ideas and
information, not the words which will express
them.
3. Read Speech/ Manuscript Reading
Manuscript speaking is the word-for-
word iteration of a written message. In a
manuscript speech, the speaker maintains his
or her attention on the printed page except
when using visual aids. The advantage to
reading from a manuscript is the exact
repetition of original words.
4. Memorized speaking
is the rote recitation of a written
message that the speaker has committed to
memory. Actors, of course, recite from memory
whenever they perform from a script.

B. Speeches about Processes

Explaining a process explains how
something is done. The purpose is to describe a
method or operation so that the intended
audience will understand what is done, what is
carried out by man, by a machine, or by nature.

C. Speeches about Events

Dictionary defines event as anything
that happens or regarded as happening. By this
definition, the following are examples of
suitable subjects for information speeches
about events.

D. Speeches about Concepts

Concepts include beliefs, theories, ideas,
principles, and the like. They are more abstract
than objects, processes, or events

METHODS OF SPEAKING

1. Impromptu speaking
is a speech that a person delivers
without predetermination or preparation. The
speaker is commonly provided with their topic
in the form of a quotation, but the topic may
also be presented as an object, proverb, one-
word abstract, or one of the many alternative