Communication process
Feedback – the response of the
A. Identify the term being described.
1. The means or medium through the
message is transmitted.
2. The response of the receiver to the
message sent to him/her.
3. It is the barrier or interference in the
communication process.
4. It is the use of words to share
information with other people.
5. It is the information, ideas, or feelings
the sender wants to share with the
receiver.
Communication
Communication is simply the act of
transferring information from one place,
person or group to another.
It is a process of exchanging
verbal and/or non-verbal information
between two or more people who can be
either the speaker or the receiver of the
message.
Communication
 Communication is use to meet the
person’s purpose.
 Communication can be in the form of
written, verbal, non-verbal, visuals.
 Communications can be intended or
unintended.
 Communication is complex process.
Elements of communication
1. Sender – the source of information,
ideas, feelings or message.
2. Receiver – the individual who receives
the message form the sender and reacts
on it.
3. Message – the information, ideas, or
feelings the sender wants to share with
the receiver,
4. Channel – the means or medium
through the message is transmitted.
5.
receiver to the message sent to him or
her.
6. Context – the environment where
communication takes place.
7. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow
of communication
Models of communication
1. Aristotle’s Model
2. Laswell’s Model
3. Shannon-Weaver’s Model
4. David Berlo’s Model
Aristotle’s Model
Aristotle emphasized that there are
three variable in the communication
process. Speaker , speech and audience.
The speaker variable is very
important.
Depending on the profile of the
audience the speaker adjusts his/her
speech.
Laswell’s Model
Lasswell's model of
communication (also known as Lasswell's
communication model) describes an act
of communication by defining who said it,
what was said, in what channel it was
said, to whom it was said, and with what
effect it was said.
Shannon-Weaver’s Model
The Shannon–Weaver model of
communication has been called the
"mother of all models."[2] Social Scientists
use the term to refer to an integrated
model of the concepts of information
source, message, transmitter,
signal, channel, noise, receiver,
information destination, probability of
error, encoding, decoding, information
rate, channel capacity.
David Berlo’s Model
 David Berlo's SMCR Model of
Communication represents the process of
communication in its simplest form. The
acronym SMCR stands for Sender,
Message, Channel, and Receiver. Berlo's
SMCR Model of Communication (1960)
describes the different components that
form the basic process of communication
Common Barriers to Effective
Communication:
1. The use of jargon
2. Emotional barriers and taboos
3. Lack of attention, interest, distractions,
or irrelevance to the receiver
4. Differences in perception and viewpoint
5. Physical disabilities such as hearing
problems or speech difficulties
6. Physical barriers to non-verbal
communication
7. Language differences and the difficulty
in understanding unfamiliar accents
8. Expectations and prejudices which
may lead to false assumptions or
stereotyping 
9. Cultural differences
The Nine Principles of effective
communication
Michael Osborn (2009) claims that
communication must meet certain
standards or effective communication to
take place.
1. Clarity – makes speeches
understandable. Fuzzy language is
absolutely forbidden, jargons,
euphemisms
2. Concreteness – reduces
misunderstanding. Messages must be
supported by facts.
3. Courtesy – build good will. Being
polite in terms of approach and manner of
addressing an individual.
4. Correctness – glaring mistakes in
grammar obscure the meaning of a
sentence.
5. Consideration – the sender must
consider the recipient’s background.
6. Creativity – having the ability to craft
interesting messages in terms of
sentence structure and word choice.
7. Conciseness – simplicity and
directness help you to be concise.
8. Cultural sensitivity – consider the
culture, lifestyle, races, gender, and
cultural sensitivity.
9. Captivating - strive to make messages
interesting to command more attention
and better responses.
Ten Basics of Ethical Communication
1. Seek to “elicit the best” in
communications
and interactions with other group
members.
2. Listen when others speak.
3. Speak non-judgmentally.
4. Speak from your own experience and
perspective,
expressing your own thoughts, needs,
and feelings.
5. Seek to understand others (rather than to
be “right”
or “more ethical than thou”).
Ten Basics of Ethical Communication
6. Avoid speaking for others, for example
by characterizing
what others have said without checking
your
understanding, or by universalizing
your opinions, beliefs,
values, and conclusions, assuming
everyone shares them.
 7. Manage your own personal B. Visual
boundaries: share only 2. According to Context
what you are comfortable sharing. A. Intrapersonal
8. Respect the personal boundaries of B. Interpersonal
others.
C. Extended
9. Avoid interrupting and side
conversations. D. Organizational

10. Make sure that everyone has time to E. Intercultural

speak, that
all members have relatively equal “air
time” if they want it.
ETHICAL COMMUNICATION
Ethical communication is a type of
communication that is predicated upon
certain business values, such as being
truthful, concise, and responsible with
one’s words and the resulting actions.  •
UNETHICAL COMMUNICATION
The Merriam-Webster dictionary
defines “unethical” as “not conforming to
a high moral standard; morally wrong;
immoral.” In relation to communication,
some schools of thought view unethical
communication as anything that promotes
misinformation, intolerance, or slander.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
• Defined as the exchange of thoughts,
ideas, concepts, and views between or
among two or more people
Context
• It is the circumstance or environment in
which communication takes place.
Types of communication
1. According to Mode
A. Verbal - Non-verbal
3. According to Purpose and Style
Types of communication
1. According to Mode
A. Verbal - Non-verbal
• Verbal communication is the use of
sounds and words to express yourself,
especially in contrast to using gestures or
mannerisms (non-verbal
communication)
Non-verbal communication includes the
use of visual cues such as body language
(kinesics), distance (proxemics) and of
touch (haptics).
B. Visual communication
• This uses visuals in order to convey
information.
• Examples include signs, symbols,
imagery, maps, graphs, etc.
Types of communication
2. According to Context
A. Intrapersonal
B. Interpersonal
C. Extended
D. Organizational
E. Intercultural
a. Intrapersonal communication
• Latin prefix intra- means within or inside
• Means talking to oneself
• Inner talk, self talk, inner monologue,
inner dialogue, self-verbalization, self-
statement
 b. Interpersonal communication
• Latin prefix inter- means between,
among, together
• This may occur in dyads or small groups
and is also known as group
communication
• It can be classified as interpersonal talk
or transactional talk.
c. Extended communication
• Involves the use of electronic media
• It is public in nature so speakers are
expected to be prepared when they
speak, making their language more
formal
• Extended in time, scope, and means
d. Organizational communication
A. Formal structure allows communication
to take place via designated channels of
message flow between positions in the
organization. This may be
1. Downward communication
2. Upward communication
3. Horizontal communication
4. Crosswise communication
B. Informal structure comes from
unofficial channels of message flow.
• Also known as grapevine messages
e. Intercultural communication
• Communication between or among
people having different linguistic,
religious, ethnic, social, and professional
backgrounds.
Types of communication
3. According to Purpose and Style
• According to Purpose and Style
A. Formal communication employs formal
language delivered orally or in written
form.
Examples: lectures, speech, research
proposal, etc.
B. Informal communication does not
employ formal language. It involves
personal and ordinary conversations with
friends, family, acquaintances. Its
purpose is simply to socialize and
enhance relationships.
COMMUNICATION AND
GLOBALIZATION
Globalization
• represents the global integration of
international trade, investment,
information technology and cultures
• a social, cultural, political and legal
phenomenon
Globalization
• Is the process by which people and
goods move easily across boarders.
• Principally it is an economic concept –
integration of markets, trade and
investments with few barriers to slow the
flow of products and services between
nations.
Globalization has affected society in
many ways; travel mobility, free trade,
and the advent of the Internet have made
the world seem considerably smaller. To
communicate in this global society, one
must know the appropriate kind of English
to use.
1. English is a global language. David
Crystal (2003) and Robert McCrum et al.
(1986) explain the “success story” of the
rise of English and provide examples that
demonstrate its global presence.
2. There are many different varieties of
English used around the world, hence the
term “World Englishes.” To be
understood by a global audience of
English users, writers should use
 Standard English in written
communication. This consists of “the
conventional vocabulary and usage of
educated speakers and writers of
English” (Roberts & Turgeon, 1998).
3. Global communication also involves
writing in a culturally sensitive way by
using bias-free language.
• The context of globalization requires
effective communication skills from
students and workers to cope with the
demands and challenges brought about
by this phenomenon. This includes
communicating effectively with people
of different background, age culture,
gender beliefs, orientations,
preferences and status.
How to communicate effectively in a
global society
1. Express your ideas effectively in verbal,
non-verbal, and written forms in either
digital or non-digital environment or both.
2. Use effective listening skills to evaluate
arguments and rationalize judgments and
improve job-effectiveness and work
relationship.
3. Communicate with purpose to a variety of
audiences.
4. Promote collaboration and cooperation
with others.
5. Understand the concept of diversity
and promote respect all the time.
6. Use technology and social media
responsibly.
General guidelines for communicating
in multicultural context
1. Avoid asking inappropriate or personal
questions.
2. Avoid stereotyping and generalizing
certain groups. Keep an open mind and
be flexible.
3. Avoid using jargons, cliché, highfalutin
terms, acronym and gender-biased
language.
4. Be sensitive, polite, tactful and respectful
at all times particularly in relation to
cultural practices, attitudes, and beliefs.
Learn and understand the value of
diversity.
6. Develop intercultural communication
skills.
7. Eliminate gender-biased words or
sexist language particularly in writing.
8. In case you do not get the message
conveyed by the person you are
communicating with, request him or her
to repeat the message or simplify it.
9. Learn and observe physical distance or
space in dealing with other people.
10. Listen attentively when others are
speaking.
11. Observe patience in listening to other
people’s ideas which may not be the
same as yours.
12. Pay attention to your non-verbal
communication.
13. Respect a person’s rights to
confidentiality and
privacy.
14. Show consideration.
15. Speak gently and politely; never shout
to be
understood.
16. Stay calm, cool, and composed when
you make a
mistake or feel embarrassed by
others. Culturally,
others do not mean to embarrass you.
17. Make positive interpretations of the
actions and words of other people.
 18. When you feel strange and
uncomfortable about something being
communicated by other people, request
them to clarify their meanings and
intentions before you express your
emotions or ideas.
Gender sensitivity
• Refers to the aim of understanding and
taking account of the societal and cultural
factors involved in gender-based
exclusion and discrimination in the most
diverse spheres of public and private life.
(http://eige.europa.eu.)
• Gender sensitive language is the
realization of gender equality in written
and spoken language. Gender equality is
attained when women and men and those
who do not conform to the binary gender
system are made visible and addressed
in language as persons of equal value,
dignity, integrity and respect.
(http://eige.europa.eu.)
• Avoiding sex and gender-based
discrimination starts with language, as the
systematic use of gender-biased
terminology influences attitudes and
expectations and could relegate women
to the background and help perpetuate a
stereotyped view of women’s and men’s
roles.
• Gender sensitivity
• There are number of different strategies
that can be used to express gender
relationships with accuracy such as
avoiding the use of language that refers
explicitly or implicitly to only one gender.
Examples of Gender-neutral words
1. ancestor, forbears (instead of forefathers)
2. Artificial, manufactured (instead of man-
made)
3. Average/ordinary person (instead of
common man)
4. Chair, chairperson, coordinator (instead
of chairman)
5. Courteous, cultured (instead of ladylike)
6. First-year student (instead of freshman)
7. Flight attendant (instead of steward,
stewardess)
8. Human resources (instead of manpower)
• TRY These
1. Congressman
2. Mailman , postman
3. Man
4. Policeman
5. Brotherhood
6. To man
Gender sensitivity
• Another thing that you must avoid is
stereotyping roles and attributes (usage
of certain words which underline
stereotypic gender attributes. Ex: Women
are caretakers, gentle and emotional,
while men are achievers strong and
logical)
• Stereotyping roles mean when certain
jobs are presumed to be performed only
by men or women, giving rise to gender
biased terms.
Example:
John and Mary both have full-time jobs;
he helps her with the housework.
More respectful and gender neutral:
John and Mary both have full-time jobs;
they share the housework.
Ways to avoid gender-biased language
1. Substitute a gender-biased pronoun
with articles/determiners.
Sexist: Every employee is entitled to his
13th month pay.
Non-sexist: Every employee is entitled to
a 13th month pay.
• Ways to avoid gender-biased language
2. Use plural pronouns instead of singular
pronouns.
Sexist: Each employee must submit his
proposal next week.
Non-sexist: All employees must submit
their proposal next week.
3. Use either/or pronouns (he/she,
his/her, his/hers) however, avoid putting
men first all the time.
Sexist: Every applicant must fill out his
own application form.
Non-sexist: Every applicant must fill out
his/her own application form.
4. Use second person pronoun (you,
your) over third person pronoun (he, she).
Be careful not to change the meaning of
the statement.
people should be careful to not use
language or behave in a way that could
offend a particular group of people.
(Molloy 2015)
Some words that may be used for
political correctness are as follows:
1. Academic dishonesty (instead of
cheating)
2. Aesthetically challenged (instead of ugly)
3. Comb-free (instead of bald)
4. Differently abled (instead of disabled)
5. Drug dependent (instead of drug addict)
6. Dysfunctional family (instead of broken
home)
7. Economically marginalized (instead of
poor)
8. Elderly, senior (instead of old)

Sexist: The sales manager should 9. Ethically disoriented (instead of

prepare his marketing proposal for our dishonest)
new product. 10. Hearing impaired (instead of deaf)
Non-sexist: You should prepare your
marketing proposal for our new product. • Try These:
5. Use appropriate title 1. Squatters
Non- sexist: Dear Sir or Madame: 2. Mental retardation
(unknown addressee)
3. Stupid
Non-sexist: Attention: HR Manager
4. Dwarf, midget
Political Correctness
5. Body odor
• Is used to described language, policies,
or measures that are intended to avoid 6. Homeless
offense or disadvantage to members of 7. Fat
particular groups in society. 8. Rape victim
• Since the late 1980s, the term has come 9. Computer illiterate
to refer to avoiding language or behavior
that cab be seen as excluding, 10. Blind
marginalizing , or insulting groups of
people considered disadvantaged or
discriminated against, especially groups
defined by sex or race.
• Merriam – Webster defines politically
correct as agreeing with the idea that